{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:01:43Z","timestamp":1774443703763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT) of the Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["TA200423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA200423"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT) of the Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["TA200525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA200525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes a gastrointestinal disease generating mortality rates approaching 100% in piglets worldwide. The S glycoprotein of PEDV is the main target for the development of vaccines. Two vaccines approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development are used in Mexico: the first vaccine is based on an inactivated virus isolated more than a decade ago, whereas the second vaccine is based on mRNA technology. The most important tool for controlling PEDV outbreaks is vaccination; however, coronaviruses are characterized by the accumulation of multiple mutations, which compromise the immune response elicited by outdated vaccines. In this work, we classified the Mexican strains of PEDV reported so far in GenBank, according to their genotypes. Subsequently, we searched for B and T cell epitopes conserved in Mexican PEDV strains using bioinformatic tools. In addition, we explored whether these epitopes can induce allergies, autoimmunity, and\/or toxic effects. Next, we determined the localization of B cell epitopes in the S glycoprotein using the protein crystal and protein modeling of several S glycoproteins. Finally, we carried out molecular docking analysis to assess whether these T cell epitopes could interact with the peptide-binding groove of the Swine Leukocyte Antigens (SLAs). Five conserved B cell epitopes were found to be exposed on the surface of the S glycoprotein, whereas several promiscuous CTL and HTL epitopes were bound, with low free energy, to the peptide-binding grooves of SLA-I and SLA-II, respectively. The best epitopes were used to generate a plasmid carrying the sequence to produce a recombinant protein. This plasmid was used for transfection experiments in PK-15 cell culture. The B cell epitopes reported here were recognized by the sera from pigs infected with PEDV but not by the sera from uninfected animals. These results justify future evaluations of the ability of these epitopes to stimulate cytokine production by T cells, antibody generation, and their neutralizing activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1774433233000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Conserved B and T Cell Epitopes in Glycoprotein S of Mexican Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) Strains via Immunoinformatics Analysis, Molecular Docking, and Immunofluorescence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Zepeda-Cervantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan Fernando L\u00f3pez","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yair Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo Guerrero","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego Emiliano Gaytan","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Barrag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Biomacromol\u00e9culas, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Paola P\u00e9rez","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0834-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirna G.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2401-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Biomacromol\u00e9culas, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Elena Sarmiento","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1671-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Ben\u00edtez","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104553","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Molecular mechanisms of attenuation and vaccines","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. 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