{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:59:57Z","timestamp":1774619997601,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-036"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008871","name":"Yunnan Science and Technology Department\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/03whqdf70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202401BC070008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401BC070008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008871","name":"Yunnan Science and Technology Department\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/03whqdf70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202402AA310021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202402AA310021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yunnan Province","award":["YNWR-YLXZ-2019-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNWR-YLXZ-2019-008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, must be handled under biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) conditions, requiring validated inactivation protocols to ensure laboratory and public safety. Although LASV is an enveloped virus theoretically susceptible to physical and chemical inactivation methods, quantitative data on its inactivation kinetics remain limited. This study systematically evaluated the efficacy of thermal treatment (56 \u00b0C, 70 \u00b0C, 95 \u00b0C), laboratory chemical inactivants (beta-propiolactone, formaldehyde, methanol, TRIzol), and five commercial disinfectants against infectious LASV. Viral infectivity was determined by titrating residual virus in Vero E6 cells, and complete inactivation was verified by three consecutive blind passages. Thermal inactivation was achieved at 56 \u00b0C for 40 min, 70 \u00b0C for 5 min, and 95 \u00b0C for 2 min. Both 0.1% and 0.05% beta-propiolactone completely inactivated LASV after 24 h at 4 \u00b0C, while 4% formaldehyde, 50% methanol, and 25% TRIzol achieved complete inactivation within 15 min, 10 min, and 2 min, respectively. For surface disinfection, 2% and 5% Micro-Chem Plus\u2122 and 75% ethanol reduced viral titers by \u22654 log10 TCID50\/mL within 30 s; 1% sodium hypochlorite and 0.25% Virkon required 1 min, whereas 3% hydrogen peroxide required 3 min to achieve the same reduction. These results provide quantitative, evidence-based parameters that can serve as a valuable reference for the safe handling of LASV under controlled BSL-4 laboratory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Thermal Inactivation and Chemical Disinfection Efficacy Against Lassa Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mengli","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhidan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6729-5950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiyun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanhe","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1376-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiangming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunchuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kunming High-Level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4147.263","article-title":"Lassa virus isolation from Mastomys natalensis rodents during an epidemic in Sierra Leone","volume":"185","author":"Monath","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00789-8","article-title":"Lassa fever\u2014The road ahead","volume":"21","author":"Garry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00929-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00929-19","article-title":"Phylogeography of Lassa Virus in Nigeria","volume":"93","author":"Ehichioya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenmoe, S., Tchatchouang, S., Ebogo-Belobo, J.T., Ka\u2019e, A.C., Mahamat, G., Guiamdjo Simo, R.E., Bowo-Ngandji, A., Demeni Emoh, C.P., Che, E., and Tchami Ngongang, D. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of Lassa virus in humans, rodents and other mammals in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008589"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290834","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2290834","article-title":"Spatio-temporal spread of Lassa virus and a new rodent host in the Mano River Union area, West Africa","volume":"13","author":"Bangura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, March 13). Lassa Fever. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lassa-fever."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68600-7","article-title":"Deciphering the enigma of Lassa virus transmission dynamics and strategies for effective epidemic control through awareness campaigns and rodenticides","volume":"14","author":"Hamam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eneh, S.C., Obi, C.G., Ephraim Ikpongifono, U., Dauda, Z., Udoewah, S.A., Anokwuru, C.C., Onukansi, F.O., Ikhuoria, O.V., Ojo, T.O., and Madukaku, C.U. (2025). The resurgence of Lassa fever in Nigeria: Economic impact, challenges, and strategic public health interventions. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1574459"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e0238","article-title":"Resurgence of Lassa fever in Nigeria: Clinical features, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa011","article-title":"Lassa fever in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Kayem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayem, N.D., Okogbenin, S., Okoeguale, J., Eigbefoh, J., Ikheloa, J., Eifediyi, R., Enodiana, X., Olorogbogo, O.E., Aikpokpo, I., and Ighodalo, Y. (2023). Transplacental transfer of Lassa IgG antibodies in pregnant women in Southern Nigeria: A prospective hospital-based cohort study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011209"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). An R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics: Plan of Action, WHO."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30518-0","article-title":"Lassa fever outcomes and prognostic factors in Nigeria (LASCOPE): A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Duvignaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01902-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01902-16","article-title":"Lassa Virus Cell Entry Reveals New Aspects of Virus-Host Cell Interaction","volume":"91","author":"Torriani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nims, R.W., and Ijaz, M.K. (2025). Virucidal Approaches for Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050663"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2022.0044","article-title":"The Biosafety Research Road Map: The Search for Evidence to Support Practices in the Laboratory-Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus and Lassa Virus","volume":"28","author":"Blacksell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biosaf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70315","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70315","article-title":"The Biological Characteristics and Mouse Model of Lassa Virus from the First Imported Case in China","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00230-5","article-title":"On the Calculation of TCID(50) for Quantitation of Virus Infectivity","volume":"36","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99866-w","article-title":"The effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"Tiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.10.035","article-title":"Evaluating the virucidal activity of four disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019). Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics\u2014Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Virucidal Activity in the Medical Area\u2014Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2\/Step 1) (Standard No. EN 14476:2013+A2:2019)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"000812","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000812.v4","article-title":"Virucidal activity of olanexidine gluconate against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.10.3916-3918.1997","article-title":"Efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide against exotic animal viruses","volume":"63","author":"Heckert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"136","article-title":"Intra-Family and Inter-Family Comparisons for Viral Susceptibility to Heat Inactivation","volume":"5","author":"Nims","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microb. Biochem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutts, T., Leung, A., Banadyga, L., and Krishnan, J. (2024). Inactivation Validation of Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa Viruses in AVL and Ethanol-Treated Viral Cultures. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.1420.v1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olejnik, J., Hume, A.J., Ross, S.J., Scoon, W.A., Seitz, S., White, M.R., Slutzky, B., Yun, N.E., and Muhlberger, E. (2023). Art of the Kill: Designing and Testing Viral Inactivation Procedures for Highly Pathogenic Negative Sense RNA Viruses. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070952"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38954-5","article-title":"Efficacy of microbicidal actives and formulations for inactivation of Lassa virus in suspension","volume":"13","author":"Cutts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.08.025","article-title":"Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection","volume":"98","author":"Kampf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vereshchagin, A.N., Frolov, N.A., Egorova, K.S., Seitkalieva, M.M., and Ananikov, V.P. (2021). Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136793"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance","volume":"12","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020). Standard Practice to Assess the Activity of Microbicides Against Viruses in Suspension (Standard No. ASTM E1052-20)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26170","article-title":"Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates","volume":"92","author":"Cimolai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2911.230678","article-title":"Environmental Persistence and Disinfection of Lassa Virus","volume":"29","author":"Shaffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/4\/412\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:53:02Z","timestamp":1774615982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/4\/412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v18040412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18040412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}