{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:10:12Z","timestamp":1775196612870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":304,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5830221016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5830221016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is transmitted predominantly through the bite of infected Hyalomma ticks, yet the earliest events at the vector\u2013host\u2013virus interface in human skin remain largely undefined. This review synthesizes current knowledge of human cutaneous structure and immunity, tick feeding biology, and salivary immunomodulation to propose how local skin responses may shape systemic outcomes of CCHFV disease. We detail the roles and permissiveness of major skin-resident and infiltrating cell types, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, monocytes\/macrophages, fibroblasts, granulocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and innate lymphoid cells, in antiviral defense and as potential early targets or carriers of CCHFV. Emphasis is placed on how tick saliva components reprogram the cutaneous microenvironment, alter interferon, complement, inflammasome, and cytokine pathways, and may enable saliva-assisted transmission and viral dissemination from the dermis. We highlight mounting evidence from other arboviruses demonstrating that the skin can act as both a barrier and a major amplifying organ, and we extrapolate testable hypotheses on how early cutaneous immune dynamics might influence CCHFV severity and hemorrhagic manifestations. Finally, we outline key knowledge gaps that, if answered, may inform the development of vaccines and therapeutics that harness cutaneous immunity to block systemic spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:09:21Z","timestamp":1775038161000},"page":"429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skin Deep: Uncovering the Early Events of Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus at the Tick\u2013Host\u2013Virus Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Olal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9113-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Burch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Bente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"},{"name":"Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"The Skin as an Immune Organ","volume":"160","author":"Salmon","year":"1994","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152","article-title":"Compartmentalized Control of Skin Immunity by Resident Commensals","volume":"337","author":"Naik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wikel, S. (2013). Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens at the Cutaneous Interface: Host Defenses, Tick Countermeasures, and a Suitable Environment for Pathogen Establishment. Front. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00337"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: History, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Syndrome and Genetic Diversity","volume":"100","author":"Bente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celina, S.S., Italiya, J., Tekkara, A.O., and \u010cern\u00fd, J. (2025). Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Domestic, and Wild Animals. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1513123"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.09.013","article-title":"A Chronological Review of Experimental Infection Studies of the Role of Wild Animals and Livestock in the Maintenance and Transmission of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus","volume":"135","author":"Spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7766","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02469-10","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Activates Endothelial Cells","volume":"85","author":"Moll","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015701-0","article-title":"Differential Activation Profiles of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus- and Dugbe Virus-Infected Antigen-Presenting Cells","volume":"91","author":"Peyrefitte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"839","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and in Situ Localization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus in Human Tissues and Implications for CCHF Pathogenesis\u2014ProQuest","volume":"121","author":"Burt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.06.010","article-title":"Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infects Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells","volume":"390","author":"Douagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00917-w","article-title":"LDLR Is an Entry Receptor for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48989-5","article-title":"The Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Apolipoprotein E Associated with CCHFV Particles Mediate CCHFV Entry into Cells","volume":"15","author":"Ritter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01672-3","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Uses LDLR to Bind and Enter Host Cells","volume":"9","author":"Monteil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00871-9","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus","volume":"21","author":"Hawman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.4.686","article-title":"Risk factors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in rural northern Senegal","volume":"164","author":"Chapman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.01.001","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Central, Eastern, and South-eastern Asia","volume":"38","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307","article-title":"The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa","volume":"15","author":"Hoogstraal","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1804.111503","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Kazakhstan, 2009\u20132010","volume":"18","author":"Knust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.07.021","article-title":"The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002\u20132007","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnet, S.I., Vourc\u2019h, G., Raffetin, A., Falchi, A., Figoni, J., Fite, J., Hoch, T., Moutailler, S., and Quillery, E. (2022). The Control of Hyalomma Ticks, Vectors of the Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010846"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04074-6","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Tortoises and Hyalomma Aegyptium Ticks in East Thrace, Turkey: Potential of a Cryptic Transmission Cycle","volume":"13","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006241108739","article-title":"Ticks Feeding on Humans: A Review of Records on Human-Biting Ixodoidea with Special Reference to Pathogen Transmission","volume":"23","author":"Jongejan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perner, J., Krop\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, S., Kop\u00e1\u010dek, P., and Ribeiro, J.M.C. (2018). Sialome Diversity of Ticks Revealed by RNAseq of Single Tick Salivary Glands. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006410"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160imo, L., Kazimirova, M., Richardson, J., and Bonnet, S.I. (2017). The Essential Role of Tick Salivary Glands and Saliva in Tick Feeding and Pathogen Transmission. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00281"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.016","article-title":"An Insight into the Ecobiology, Vector Significance and Control of Hyalomma Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A Review","volume":"187","author":"Sajid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2015.3683","article-title":"Tick-Induced Facial Palsy","volume":"39","author":"Eken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(89)90191-9","article-title":"Tick-Host Interaction: A Synthesis of Current Concepts","volume":"5","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-7-1895","article-title":"Enhancement of Virus Transmission by Tick Salivary Glands","volume":"70","author":"Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karim, S., and Ribeiro, J.M.C. (2015). An Insight into the Sialome of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma Americanum, with a Glimpse on Its Time Dependent Gene Expression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131292"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00232-08","article-title":"The Tick Salivary Protein Salp15 Inhibits the Killing of Serum-Sensitive Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato Isolates","volume":"76","author":"Schuijt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.2741\/3363","article-title":"The Role of Saliva in Tick Feeding","volume":"14","author":"Francischetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papa, A., Tsergouli, K., Tsioka, K., and Mirazimi, A. (2017). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00213"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, S.E., McAuley, A.J., Gargili, A., and Bente, D.A. (2018). Interactions of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells and Langerhans Cells Treated with Hyalomma Tick Saliva with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0299.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.5.767","article-title":"Replication and Tissue Tropisms of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Experimentally Infected Adult Hyalomma truncatum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"29","author":"Dickson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.3.0700268","article-title":"Short Report: Duration of Tick Attachment Required for Transmission of Powassan Virus by Deer Ticks","volume":"71","author":"Ebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.146","article-title":"Dissemination, Replication, and Trans-Stadial Persistence of Dugbe Virus (Nairovirus, Bunyaviridae) in the Tick Vector Amblyomma variegatum","volume":"45","author":"Booth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"864","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Therapeutics","volume":"30","author":"Frank","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1986.tb00829.x","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Salivary Antigens from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum","volume":"8","author":"Gill","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107684","article-title":"The Serine Protease Inhibitor HAMpin-1 Produced by the Ectoparasite Hyalomma anatolicum Salivary Gland Modulates the Host Complement System","volume":"300","author":"Mood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.1264-1268","article-title":"Inhibition of Bovine Platelets Aggregation in Response to Hyalomma anatolicum Salivary Gland Proteins\/Peptides","volume":"9","author":"Surbhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.772-776","article-title":"Partial Characterization of a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Protein from Salivary Gland Extract of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum 77Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-016-0758-5","article-title":"Sexual Alteration in Antioxidant Response and Esterase Profile in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks","volume":"41","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90074-9","article-title":"The Salivary Glands of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum: Structural Changes during Attachment and Feeding","volume":"17","author":"Gill","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.02.188","article-title":"A Tick B-Cell Inhibitory Protein from Salivary Glands of the Hard Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum","volume":"343","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16606","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.094615","article-title":"Two Immunoregulatory Peptides with Antioxidant Activity from Tick Salivary Glands","volume":"285","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1790-0","article-title":"Specific Histamine Binding Activity of a New Lipocalin from Hyalomma asiaticum (Ixodidae) and Therapeutic Effects on Allergic Asthma in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aounallah, H., Fessel, M.R., Goldfeder, M.B., Carvalho, E., Bensaoud, C., Chudzinski-Tavassi, A.M., Bouattour, A., M\u2019ghirbi, Y., and Faria, F. (2021). rDromaserpin: A Novel Anti-Hemostatic Serpin, from the Salivary Glands of the Hard Tick Hyalomma dromedarii. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120913"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0196-9","article-title":"Thrombin Inhibitor from the Salivary Gland of the Camel Tick Hyalomma dromedarii","volume":"74","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"352","article-title":"In Vitro Assessment of the Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Viability Effects of Salivary Gland Extracts from Hyalomma Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"17","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Arthropod Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2874-9","article-title":"De Novo Assembly and Annotation of Hyalomma dromedarii Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) Sialotranscriptome with Regard to Gender Differences in Gene Expression","volume":"11","author":"Bensaoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensaoud, C., Aounallah, H., Sciani, J.M., Faria, F., Chudzinski-Tavassi, A.M., Bouattour, A., and M\u2019Ghirbi, Y. (2019). Proteomic Informed by Transcriptomic for Salivary Glands Components of the Camel Tick Hyalomma dromedarii. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6042-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx153","article-title":"Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) Salivary Gland Extract Inhibits Angiogenesis and Exhibits In Vitro Antitumor Effects","volume":"54","author":"Bensaoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300018903","article-title":"Prostaglandins in the Salivary Glands and Reproductive Organs of Hyalomma anatolicum Excavatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"69","author":"Shemesh","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.08.011","article-title":"An Insight into the Sialome of Hyalomma excavatum","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jablonka, W., Kotsyfakis, M., Mizurini, D.M., Monteiro, R.Q., Lukszo, J., Drake, S.K., Ribeiro, J.M.C., and Andersen, J.F. (2015). Identification and Mechanistic Analysis of a Novel Tick-Derived Inhibitor of Thrombin. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133991"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12145","article-title":"The Prognostic Role of the New Entity Butterfly-like Facial Rash and Cutaneous Findings in Patients with Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever","volume":"28","author":"Pancar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.005","article-title":"Cutaneous Findings of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: A Study of 269 Cases","volume":"71","author":"Duygu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700016-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids\u2014Antimicrobial Lipids at the Skin Surface","volume":"49","author":"Drake","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25177","article-title":"Skin Microbiota-Host Interactions","volume":"553","author":"Fischbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.08.026","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"52","author":"Izadpanah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12972","article-title":"Fibroblasts as Confederates of the Immune System","volume":"302","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haydont, V., Neiveyans, V., Perez, P., Busson, \u00c9., Lataillade, J.J., Asselineau, D., and Fortunel, N.O. (2020). Fibroblasts from the Human Skin Dermo-Hypodermal Junction Are Distinct from Dermal Papillary and Reticular Fibroblasts and from Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exhibit a Specific Molecular Profile Related to Extracellular Matrix Organization and Modeling. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020368"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12832","article-title":"The Dynamic Anatomy and Patterning of Skin","volume":"25","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0256","article-title":"Mannose-Binding Lectin Is Required for the Effective Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by Adipose Tissue Macrophages during Obesity","volume":"63","author":"Stienstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Yousef, H., Alhajj, M., Fakoya, A.O., and Sharma, S. (2024). Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3643","article-title":"Emerging Interactions between Skin Stem Cells and Their Niches","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cutaneous Barriers and Skin Immunity","volume":"268","author":"Amar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1619","article-title":"The Cornified Envelope: A Model of Cell Death in the Skin","volume":"6","author":"Candi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700107","article-title":"Behavioral Responses of Epidermal Langerhans Cells in Situ to Local Pathological Stimuli","volume":"126","author":"Nishibu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, A.V., and Soulika, A.M. (2019). The Dynamics of the Skin\u2019s Immune System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081811"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-12-3791","article-title":"Amoeboid Shape Change and Contact Guidance: T-Lymphocyte Crawling through Fibrillar Collagen Is Independent of Matrix Remodeling by MMPs and Other Proteases","volume":"102","author":"Wolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Brown, T.M., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2022). Histology, Dermis, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0084-5","article-title":"The Immunological Anatomy of the Skin","volume":"19","author":"Kabashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9638(08)70206-0","article-title":"Functional Histology of Dermis","volume":"135","author":"Fraitag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-010-9361-0","article-title":"The Genus Hyalomma. XI. Redescription of All Parasitic Stages of H. (Euhyalomma) Asiaticum (Acari: Ixodidae) and Notes on Its Biology","volume":"52","author":"Apanaskevich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07867-7","article-title":"In Vitro Feeding of Hyalomma Excavatum and Hyalomma Marginatum Tick Species","volume":"122","author":"Eren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy and Morphometrics of Nymph and Larva of the Tick Hyalomma Rufipes Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"40","author":"Allam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, V., Petty, A.J., Atwater, A.R., Wolfe, S.A., and MacLeod, A.S. (2020). Skin Viral Infections: Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and Viral Immune Evasion. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.593901"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.07.009","article-title":"Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection","volume":"43","author":"Koyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10219","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01643-15","article-title":"RIG-I Mediates an Antiviral Response to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus","volume":"89","author":"Spengler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suthar, M.S., Aguirre, S., and Fernandez-Sesma, A. (2013). Innate Immune Sensing of Flaviviruses. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003541"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"V1-429","article-title":"Immune Response to Viruses","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity: Volumes 1\u20134"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors in Health and Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00354-15","article-title":"Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells","volume":"89","author":"Hamel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.07.006","article-title":"Human Keratinocyte Cultures (HaCaT) Can Be Infected by DENV, Triggering Innate Immune Responses That Include IFN\u03bb and LL37","volume":"223","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.009","article-title":"Dengue Virus Replication in Infected Human Keratinocytes Leads to Activation of Antiviral Innate Immune Responses","volume":"11","author":"Surasombatpattana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01553-x","article-title":"Mechanisms and Regulation of Defensins in Host Defense","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-041734","article-title":"Defensins in Viral Infection and Pathogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Holly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F39","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200311070-00001","article-title":"Human Epithelial Beta-Defensins 2 and 3 Inhibit HIV-1 Replication","volume":"17","author":"Lederman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508033103","article-title":"Human \u03b1-Defensins Block Papillomavirus Infection","volume":"103","author":"Buck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5147-5156.2004","article-title":"Theta Defensins Protect Cells from Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus by Inhibiting Viral Adhesion and Entry","volume":"78","author":"Yasin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200201000-00004","article-title":"Cathelicidins: A Family of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"9","author":"Lehrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.87","article-title":"The Vitamin D\u2013Antimicrobial Peptide Pathway and Its Role in Protection against Infection","volume":"4","author":"Gombart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481","article-title":"Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"347","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1069","article-title":"Ll-37, the Neutrophil Granule\u2013And Epithelial Cell\u2013Derived Cathelicidin, Utilizes Formyl Peptide Receptor\u2013Like 1 (Fprl1) as a Receptor to Chemoattract Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils, Monocytes, and T Cells","volume":"192","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currie, S.M., Findlay, E.G., McHugh, B.J., Mackellar, A., Man, T., Macmillan, D., Wang, H., Fitch, P.M., Schwarze, J., and Davidson, D.J. (2013). The Human Cathelicidin LL-37 Has Antiviral Activity against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073659"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2174\/157016207781023947","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Inhibits HIV-1 Replication","volume":"5","author":"Bergman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Wang, G., Tang, B., Zhao, J., Huang, Y., and Zheng, J. (2018). Cathelicidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibit Zika Virus Through Direct Inactivation and Interferon Pathway. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00722"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2015.14","article-title":"Melanocytes and Skin Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koike, S., and Yamasaki, K. (2020). Melanogenesis Connection with Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249769"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10094066","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Skin Pigmentation: The Rise and Fall of Complexion Coloration","volume":"10","author":"Ebanks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959006","article-title":"Ueber Die Nerven Der Menschlichen Haut","volume":"44","author":"Langerhans","year":"1868","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.161.3.526","article-title":"Murine Epidermal Langerhans Cells Mature into Potent Immunostimulatory Dendritic Cells in Vitro","volume":"161","author":"Schuler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120340","article-title":"Adult Langerhans Cells Derive Predominantly from Embryonic Fetal Liver Monocytes with a Minor Contribution of Yolk Sac\u2013Derived Macrophages","volume":"209","author":"Hoeffel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1307","article-title":"Langerhans Cells Arise from Monocytes in Vivo","volume":"7","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, H.C., and Bennett, C.L. (2018). Redefining the Role of Langerhans Cells As Immune Regulators within the Skin. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01941"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091527","article-title":"External Antigen Uptake by Langerhans Cells with Reorganization of Epidermal Tight Junction Barriers","volume":"206","author":"Kubo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neagu, M., Constantin, C., Jugulete, G., Cauni, V., Dubrac, S., Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si, A.G., and Zurac, S. (2022). Langerhans Cells-Revising Their Role in Skin Pathologies. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12122072"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020018","article-title":"Accumulation of Immature Langerhans Cells in Human Lymph Nodes Draining Chronically Inflamed Skin","volume":"196","author":"Geissmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2404927121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404927121","article-title":"Monocytes Give Rise to Langerhans Cells That Preferentially Migrate to Lymph Nodes at Steady State","volume":"121","author":"Saravanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113977","article-title":"Epithelial Dendritic Cells vs. Langerhans Cells: Implications for Mucosal Vaccines","volume":"43","author":"Vine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.018","article-title":"Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells Maintain Immune Homeostasis in Skin by Activating Skin Resident Regulatory T Cells","volume":"36","author":"Seneschal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201303283","article-title":"Murine Langerin+ Dermal Dendritic Cells Prime CD8+ T Cells While Langerhans Cells Induce Cross-Tolerance","volume":"6","author":"Flacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041305","article-title":"Human Langerhans Cells Capture Measles Virus through Langerin and Present Viral Antigens to CD4+ T Cells but Are Incapable of Cross-Presentation","volume":"41","author":"Litjens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1541","article-title":"Langerin Is a Natural Barrier to HIV-1 Transmission by Langerhans Cells","volume":"13","author":"Nabatov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087576","article-title":"Epidermal Viral Immunity Induced by CD8\u03b1+ Dendritic Cells but Not by Langerhans Cells","volume":"301","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1724","article-title":"Cross-Presentation of Viral and Self Antigens by Skin-Derived CD103+ Dendritic Cells","volume":"10","author":"Bedoui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.09.287","article-title":"Dengue Virus Infects Human Skin Langerhans Cells through Langerin for Dissemination to Dendritic Cells","volume":"144","author":"Helgers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.137.5.1142","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Cell Type in Peripheral Lymphoid Organs of Mice. I. Morphology, Quantitation, Tissue Distribution","volume":"137","author":"Steinman","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70075","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70075","article-title":"Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells: An Updated View on an Old Concept","volume":"336","author":"Segura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.005","article-title":"Monocyte Differentiation within Tissues: A Renewed Outlook","volume":"44","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eder, J., Zijlstra-Willems, E., Koen, G., Kootstra, N.A., Wolthers, K.C., and Geijtenbeek, T.B. (2023). Transmission of Zika Virus by Dendritic Cell Subsets in Skin and Vaginal Mucosa. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1125565"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071733","article-title":"Blood-Derived Dermal Langerin+ Dendritic Cells Survey the Skin in the Steady State","volume":"204","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.014","article-title":"CCR7 Governs Skin Dendritic Cell Migration under Inflammatory and Steady-State Conditions","volume":"21","author":"Ohl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123947","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123947","article-title":"Cutaneous Immune Responses Mediated by Dendritic Cells and Mast Cells","volume":"4","author":"Sumpter","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Chen, R., Wang, X., Hu, K., Huang, L., Lu, M., and Hu, Q. (2019). CCL19 and CCR7 Expression, Signaling Pathways, and Adjuvant Functions in Viral Infection and Prevention. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00212"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.2.798","article-title":"In the Absence of Endogenous IL-10, Mice Acutely Infected with Toxoplasma Gondii Succumb to a Lethal Immune Response Dependent on CD4+ T Cells and Accompanied by Overproduction of IL-12, IFN-Gamma and TNF-Alpha","volume":"157","author":"Gazzinelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlini, V., Noonan, D.M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., and Albini, A. (2023). The Multifaceted Nature of IL-10: Regulation, Role in Immunological Homeostasis and Its Relevance to Cancer, COVID-19 and Post-COVID Conditions. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2014010373","article-title":"CD4 T-Cell Memory Generation and Maintenance","volume":"34","author":"Gasper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(88)91292-3","article-title":"CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Intracellular Microbial Infections","volume":"9","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"218752","article-title":"Delivery of Exogenous Antigens to Induce Cytotoxic CD8+ T Lymphocyte Responses","volume":"2010","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e615","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae613","article-title":"Antibody-Based Antigen Delivery to Dendritic Cells as a Vaccination Strategy Against Ebola Virus Disease","volume":"231","author":"Olal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02496.x","article-title":"Dendritic Cell-Targeted Protein Vaccines: A Novel Approach to Induce T-Cell Immunity","volume":"271","author":"Trumpfheller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velazquez-Salinas, L., Verdugo-Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez, L.L., and Borca, M.V. (2019). The Role of Interleukin 6 During Viral Infections. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01057"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.9.1591","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Is Mediated via P55 and P75 TNF Receptors","volume":"186","author":"Ruby","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.10.006","article-title":"Tick Saliva Inhibits the Chemotactic Function of MIP-1\u03b1 and Selectively Impairs Chemotaxis of Immature Dendritic Cells by down-Regulating Cell-Surface CCR5","volume":"38","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.008","article-title":"Saliva of Ixodes Ricinus Enhances TBE Virus Replication in Dendritic Cells by Modulation of Pro-Survival Akt Pathway","volume":"514","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19515.x","article-title":"Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: A New Cutaneous Dendritic Cell Subset with Distinct Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"119","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7302","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc7302","article-title":"Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Mount a Distinct Antiviral Response to Virus-Infected Cells","volume":"6","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.027","article-title":"Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Development, Regulation, and Function","volume":"50","author":"Reizis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5571","article-title":"A Blunted Blood Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Response to an Acute Systemic Viral Infection Is Associated with Increased Disease Severity","volume":"171","author":"Pichyangkul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10050","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01692-16","article-title":"Cell-Cell Sensing of Viral Infection by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells","volume":"90","author":"Webster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3683","article-title":"The Origins and Functions of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in the Skin","volume":"14","author":"Malissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.006","article-title":"Human Dermal CD14+ Cells Are a Transient Population of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages","volume":"41","author":"McGovern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304650","article-title":"Nonclassical Patrolling Monocyte Function in the Vasculature","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.03.010","article-title":"Nr4a1-Dependent Ly6Clow Monocytes Monitor Endothelial Cells and Orchestrate Their Disposal","volume":"153","author":"Carlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyette, L.B., MacEdo, C., Hadi, K., Elinoff, B.D., Walters, J.T., Ramaswami, B., Chalasani, G., Taboas, J.M., Lakkis, F.G., and Metes, D.M. (2017). Phenotype, Function, and Differentiation Potential of Human Monocyte Subsets. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176460"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, J.D., Bourke, C.D., Meurs, L., Mbow, M., Di\u00e8ye, T.N., Mboup, S., Polman, K., and Mountford, A.P. (2014). Circulating CD14brightCD16+ \u201cIntermediate\u201d Monocytes Exhibit Enhanced Parasite Pattern Recognition in Human Helminth Infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002817"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475435","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1475435","article-title":"Monocyte Heterogeneity: Consequences for Monocyte-Derived Immune Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Sprangers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3070","article-title":"Monocyte Recruitment during Infection and Inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005201108","article-title":"Recruited Inflammatory Monocytes Stimulate Antiviral Th1 Immunity in Infected Tissue","volume":"108","author":"Iijima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6672","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adr6672","article-title":"Monocytes and Their Doppelg\u00e4ngers: An Immunological Crossroads","volume":"9","author":"Mildner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zivcec, M., Scholte, F.E.M., Spiropoulou, C.F., Spengler, J.R., and Bergeron, \u00c9. (2016). Molecular Insights into Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8040106"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427782","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2427782","article-title":"Inflammation Associated with Monocyte\/Macrophage Activation and Recruitment Corresponds with Lethal Outcome in a Mouse Model of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever","volume":"13","author":"Sorvillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24106","article-title":"Molecular and Serological Findings in Suspected Patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Iran","volume":"87","author":"Karlberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11089","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01383-10","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Immune Response of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in a STAT-1 Knockout Mouse Model","volume":"84","author":"Bente","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bray, M. (2007). Comparative Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: A Global Perspective, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6106-6_17"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D. (2014). Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16752"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.289","article-title":"The Skin Immune Atlas: Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cutaneous Leukocyte Subsets by Multiphoton Microscopy","volume":"135","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.481","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Atlas of Human Dermal Leukocytes, Lymphatics, and Blood Vessels","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M-1\/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 Paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.09.015","article-title":"The Chemokine System in Diverse Forms of Macrophage Activation and Polarization","volume":"25","author":"Mantovani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816460","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/816460","article-title":"Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms","volume":"2015","author":"Roszer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.553","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-13 Employ Discrete Signaling Pathways for Target Gene Expression in Alternatively Activated Monocytes\/Macrophages","volume":"54","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1881410","article-title":"Differential Activation and Antagonistic Function of HIF-{alpha} Isoforms in Macrophages Are Essential for NO Homeostasis","volume":"24","author":"Takeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548073","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/548073","article-title":"IL-21 Modulates Release of Proinflammatory Cytokines in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages through Distinct Signaling Pathways","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2014010267","article-title":"Scavenger Receptor-A (CD204): A Two-Edged Sword in Health and Disease","volume":"34","author":"Kelley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890410033171","article-title":"CD163: A Regulated Hemoglobin Scavenger Receptor with a Role in the Anti-Inflammatory Response","volume":"36","author":"Moestrup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Zande, H.J.P., Nitsche, D., Schlautmann, L., Guigas, B., and Burgdorf, S. (2021). The Mannose Receptor: From Endocytic Receptor and Biomarker to Regulator of (Meta)Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.765034"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"100791","article-title":"CD204-Positive Monocytes and Macrophages Ameliorate Septic Shock by Suppressing Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Mice","volume":"23","author":"Uchida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.525","article-title":"Dermal CD14+ Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Infection by Dengue Virus Is Stimulated by Interleukin-4","volume":"135","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02050-5","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Immune Cells: From Defining Characteristics to Roles in Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/35100512","article-title":"Cross-Presentation in Viral Immunity and Self-Tolerance","volume":"1","author":"Heath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.03.007","article-title":"Regulation of Human Helper T Cell Subset Differentiation by Cytokines","volume":"34","author":"Schmitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01653-8","article-title":"\u0393\u03b4 T Cells: Origin and Fate, Subsets, Diseases and Immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, M.S., Diamond, A., Russell, A., and Jameson, J.M. (2018). Human A\u03b2 and \u0393\u03b4 T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01304"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000086659","article-title":"Gammadelta T Cells Link Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses","volume":"86","author":"Holtmeier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Immunol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104217","article-title":"Human and Murine Memory \u0393\u03b4 T Cells: Evidence for Acquired Immune Memory in Bacterial and Viral Infections and Autoimmunity","volume":"357","author":"Comeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110267","article-title":"Professional Antigen-Presentation Function by Human Gammadelta T Cells","volume":"309","author":"Brandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Heng, M.K., and Heng, M.C.Y. (2000). Antigen Recognition by \u03b3\u03b4 T-Cells. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet], Landes Bioscience."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2785","article-title":"FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in the Human Immune System","volume":"10","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.891","article-title":"B Cells Solicit Their Own Help from T Cells","volume":"183","author":"Stockinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.06.003","article-title":"CD4+ T Cells That Help B Cells\u2014A Proposal for Uniform Nomenclature","volume":"42","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212","article-title":"Differentiation of Effector CD4 T Cell Populations (*)","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170494","article-title":"Dynamic Balance between Master Transcription Factors Determines the Fates and Functions of CD4 T Cell and Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets","volume":"214","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"100131","article-title":"Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"2","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"JID Innov. Ski. Sci. Mol. Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14318","article-title":"Type 2 Immunity in the Skin and Lungs","volume":"75","author":"Akdis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, L., and Hickman, H.D. (2024). T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050679"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nri911","article-title":"Functional Significance of the Perforin\/Granzyme Cell Death Pathway","volume":"2","author":"Trapani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6451-9_7","article-title":"CD8 T-Cell Memory Differentiation during Acute and Chronic Viral Infections","volume":"684","author":"Kalia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.10.001","article-title":"Activation and Trafficking of CD8 + T Cells during Viral Skin Infection: Immunological Lessons Learned from Vaccinia Virus","volume":"28","author":"Hobbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104839","article-title":"CD8+ T-Cells Target the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Gc Protein to Control the Infection in Wild-Type Mice","volume":"97","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.05.009","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells and Immune Tolerance","volume":"133","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.02.017","article-title":"Regulatory T Cell-Derived Interleukin-10 Limits Inflammation at Environmental Interfaces","volume":"28","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.014","article-title":"T Cell-Produced Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 Controls T Cell Tolerance and Regulates Th1- and Th17-Cell Differentiation","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00471-x","article-title":"Mucosal Tissue Regulatory T Cells Are Integral in Balancing Immunity and Tolerance at Portals of Antigen Entry","volume":"15","author":"Traxinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1536","article-title":"CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Induce Cytokine Deprivation-Mediated Apoptosis of Effector CD4+ T Cells","volume":"8","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.19","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Are Essential to Promote Proper CD4 T-Cell Priming upon Mucosal Infection","volume":"9","author":"Soerens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00036-09","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Promote Early Influx of CD8+ T Cells in the Lungs of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Mice and Diminish Immunodominance Disparities","volume":"83","author":"Ruckwardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155209","article-title":"Coordination of Early Protective Immunity to Viral Infection by Regulatory T Cells","volume":"320","author":"Lund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00530-09","article-title":"Interacting Roles of Immune Mechanisms and Viral Load in the Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"17","author":"Saksida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105244","article-title":"Immunobiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"199","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.12.007","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells","volume":"41","author":"Schenkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10339","article-title":"Different Patterns of Peripheral Migration by Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells","volume":"477","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1718","article-title":"Memory T Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissue That Provide Enhanced Local Immunity during Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus","volume":"10","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-020220","article-title":"The Multifaceted Role of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells","volume":"42","author":"Christo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500515","article-title":"Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and Fixed Immune Surveillance in Nonlymphoid Organs","volume":"195","author":"Carbone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0162-3","article-title":"T Cells and the Skin: From Protective Immunity to Inflammatory Skin Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1310","article-title":"Immune Surveillance in the Skin: Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences","volume":"4","author":"Kupper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00926.x","article-title":"Generation of Effector CD8+ T Cells and Their Conversion to Memory T Cells","volume":"236","author":"Kaech","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.48","article-title":"Early CD8 T-Cell Memory Precursors and Terminal Effectors Exhibit Equipotent In vivo Degranulation","volume":"12","author":"Yuzefpolskiy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj8356","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adj8356","article-title":"Circulating KLRG1+ Long-Lived Effector Memory T Cells Retain the Flexibility to Become Tissue Resident","volume":"9","author":"Lucas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0404-3","article-title":"Tissue Patrol by Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells in Human Skin","volume":"20","author":"Dijkgraaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10851","article-title":"Skin Infection Generates Non-Migratory Memory CD8+ T RM Cells Providing Global Skin Immunity","volume":"483","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5185","article-title":"Human Cutaneous B Cells: What Do We Really Know?","volume":"9","author":"Lerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12470172","article-title":"The Skin Immune System (SIS): Distribution and Immunophenotype of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Normal Human Skin","volume":"88","author":"Bos","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsaregorodtseva, T.S., Gubaidullina, A.A., Kayumova, B.R., Shaimardanova, A.A., Issa, S.S., Solovyeva, V.V., Sufianov, A.A., Sufianova, G.Z., and Rizvanov, A.A. (2025). Neutralizing Antibodies: Role in Immune Response and Viral Vector Based Gene Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115224"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.001","article-title":"Protective Neutralizing Antibodies from Human Survivors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"184","author":"Fels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Liu, Y., Song, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Li, R., Nie, X., Zhu, G., Ding, X., and Wang, L. (2025). Neutralizing Antibodies vs. Viruses: Interacting Mechanisms and Escape Tactics. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092199"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upasani, V., Rodenhuis-Zybert, I., and Cantaert, T. (2021). Antibody-Independent Functions of B Cells during Viral Infections. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009708"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01293-9","article-title":"Durable Humoral Immunity and Long-Term Protection Induced by a Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Sorvillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53362-7","article-title":"Antibodies Targeting the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nucleoprotein Protect via TRIM21","volume":"15","author":"Leventhal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1128","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02076-16","article-title":"Immunization with DNA Plasmids Coding for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Capsid and Envelope Proteins and\/or Virus-Like Particles Induces Protection and Survival in Challenged Mice","volume":"91","author":"Hinkula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105857","article-title":"Rapid, Sensitive, and Species-Independent Detection of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Nucleoprotein and GP38 Antibodies","volume":"118","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae395","article-title":"A Longitudinal Analysis of Memory Immune Responses in Convalescent Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Survivors in Uganda","volume":"231","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.05.009","article-title":"IgM Plasma Cells Reside in Healthy Skin and Accumulate with Chronic Inflammation","volume":"139","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29736","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29736","article-title":"IgG Subclass Switching and Clonal Expansion in Cutaneous Melanoma and Normal Skin","volume":"6","author":"Saul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, K.M., and Lee, D.A. (2025). Natural Killer Cells in Skin: A Unique Opportunity to Better Characterize the Many Facets of an Overlooked Secondary Lymphoid Organ. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646719"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.11.003","article-title":"Migration and Tissue Tropism of Innate Lymphoid Cells","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fol, M., Karpik, W., Zablotni, A., Kulesza, J., Kulesza, E., Godkowicz, M., and Druszczynska, M. (2024). Innate Lymphoid Cells and Their Role in the Immune Response to Infections. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040335"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11878-3","article-title":"NK Cells Are Activated and Primed for Skin-Homing during Acute Dengue Virus Infection in Humans","volume":"10","author":"Zimmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-01053-w","article-title":"Biological and Clinical Roles of IL-18 in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Landy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.423","article-title":"Interleukin-18 Regulates Both Th1 and Th2 Responses","volume":"19","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6873","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.11.6873","article-title":"Activation of Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells by Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-12 and IL-18","volume":"173","author":"Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.03.003","article-title":"Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"42","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01161-x","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Features of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Antiviral Defense","volume":"21","author":"Piersma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.024","article-title":"Fibroblasts: Origins, Definitions, and Functions in Health and Disease","volume":"184","author":"Plikus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boraldi, F., Lofaro, F.D., Bonacorsi, S., Mazzilli, A., Garcia-Fernandez, M., and Quaglino, D. (2024). The Role of Fibroblasts in Skin Homeostasis and Repair. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071586"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavagnero, K.J., and Gallo, R.L. (2022). Essential Immune Functions of Fibroblasts in Innate Host Defense. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1058862"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.038","article-title":"Insights into ZIKV-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"139","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.11.028","article-title":"Human Dermal Fibroblast Subpopulations Are Conserved across Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Studies","volume":"141","author":"Izeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30633-9","article-title":"Identification, Discrimination and Heterogeneity of Fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Lendahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2146","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor Family Members in Skin Fibroblasts Are Functional and Have a Higher Expression Compared to Skin Keratinocytes","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314622","article-title":"Dengue Virus Infection of Human Skin Fibroblasts in Vitro Production of IFN-Beta, IL-6 and GM-CSF","volume":"124","author":"Kurane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12396936","article-title":"GM-CSF Activates Regenerative Epidermal Growth and Stimulates Keratinocytes Poliferation in Human Skin in Vivo","volume":"103","author":"Braunstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2593","article-title":"T Cell Interleukin-17 Induces Stromal Cells to Produce Proinflammatory and Hematopoietic Cytokines","volume":"183","author":"Fossiez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.5.1946","article-title":"Identification of an N-Terminally Truncated Form of the Chemokine RANTES and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as Major Eosinophil Attractants Released by Cytokine-Stimulated Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"156","author":"Noso","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangamani, S., Hermance, M.E., Santos, R.I., Slovak, M., Heinze, D., Widen, S.G., and Kazimirova, M. (2017). Transcriptional Immunoprofiling at the Tick-Virus-Host Interface during Early Stages of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Transmission. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00494"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermance, M.E., Santos, R.I., Kelly, B.C., Valbuena, G., and Thangamani, S. (2016). Immune Cell Targets of Infection at the Tick-Skin Interface during Powassan Virus Transmission. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155889"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01830-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01830-23","article-title":"Skin Tropism during Usutu Virus and West Nile Virus Infection: An Amplifying and Immunological Role","volume":"98","author":"Vouillon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030089","article-title":"Characterization of Reemerging Chikungunya Virus","volume":"3","author":"Sourisseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02769-9","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of DENV-2-Infected Human Dermal Fibroblasts Identified Potential Mechanisms That Suppressed ZIKV Replication during Sequential Coinfection","volume":"22","author":"Kaofai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.040","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Suppresses Innate Immune Responses via a Ubiquitin and ISG15 Specific Protease","volume":"20","author":"Scholte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113854","article-title":"Sand Fly Saliva Reprograms Skin Fibroblasts to Enhance Arbovirus Infection","volume":"28","author":"Barningham","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.41.010196.000245","article-title":"Host Immunity to Ticks","volume":"41","author":"Wikel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12804","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12804","article-title":"The Role of Basophils in Acquired Protective Immunity to Tick Infestation","volume":"43","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500272","article-title":"Requirements for Effective IgE Cross-Linking on Mast Cells and Basophils","volume":"50","author":"Knol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.127.6.2285","article-title":"Qualitative Characteristics of Histamine Release from Human Basophils by Covalently Cross-Linked IgE","volume":"127","author":"Dembo","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karasuyama, H., Tabakawa, Y., Ohta, T., Wada, T., and Yoshikawa, S. (2018). Crucial Role for Basophils in Acquired Protective Immunity to Tick Infestation. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01769"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2024.104881","article-title":"Netosis and Trained Immunity in Tick-Borne Diseases: A Possible Pathogenetic Role","volume":"405\u2013406","author":"Badami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiroki, C.H., Toller-Kawahisa, J.E., Fumagalli, M.J., Colon, D.F., Figueiredo, L.T.M., Fonseca, B.A.L.D., Franca, R.F.O., and Cunha, F.Q. (2020). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Effectively Control Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03108"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muralidharan, A., and Reid, S.P. (2021). Complex Roles of Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061324"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.002","article-title":"Host Inflammatory Response to Mosquito Bites Enhances the Severity of Arbovirus Infection","volume":"44","author":"Pingen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2992","article-title":"Perivascular Leukocyte Clusters Are Essential for Efficient Activation of Effector T Cells in the Skin","volume":"15","author":"Natsuaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.92.20","article-title":"Novel Concept of ISALT (Inducible Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) in the Elicitation of Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"92","author":"Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz005","article-title":"Antigen Presentation and Adaptive Immune Responses in Skin","volume":"31","author":"Honda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0202-157","article-title":"CCL27-CCR10 Interactions Regulate T Cell-Mediated Skin Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Homey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-433037","article-title":"Epidermis Instructs Skin Homing Receptor Expression in Human T Cells","volume":"120","author":"McCully","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Truong, N.R., James, V., Bosnjak, L., Sandgren, K.J., Harman, A.N., Nasr, N., Bertram, K.M., Olbourne, N., and Sawleshwarkar, S. (2015). Relay of Herpes Simplex Virus between Langerhans Cells and Dermal Dendritic Cells in Human Skin. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004812"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303339","article-title":"Macrophage- and Neutrophil-Derived TNF-\u03b1 Instructs Skin Langerhans Cells to Prime Antiviral Immune Responses","volume":"193","author":"Epaulard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabakawa, Y., Ohta, T., Yoshikawa, S., Robinson, E.J., Yamaji, K., Ishiwata, K., Kawano, Y., Miyake, K., Yamanishi, Y., and Ohtsu, H. (2018). Histamine Released from Skin-Infiltrating Basophils but Not Mast Cells Is Crucial for Acquired Tick Resistance in Mice. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01540"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(97)00043-1","article-title":"The Mast Cell Products Histamine and Serotonin Stimulate and TNF-Alpha Inhibits the Proliferation of Murine Epidermal Keratinocytes in Situ","volume":"16","author":"Maurer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5346","article-title":"Stimulation of Human Endothelium with IL-3 Induces Selective Basophil Accumulation in Vitro","volume":"176","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.6.1832","article-title":"IL-3 Augments Adhesiveness for Endothelium and CD11b Expression in Human Basophils but Not Neutrophils","volume":"145","author":"Bochner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0008","article-title":"CD4+ T Cell Cytokine Gene and Protein Expression in Duodenal Mucosa of Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"76","author":"Ohta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3646","article-title":"Mechanisms Regulating Skin Immunity and Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Pasparakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, M.A., Diamond, M.S., and Harris, E. (2014). Dendritic Cells in Dengue Virus Infection: Targets of Virus Replication and Mediators of Immunity. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00647"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02514-09","article-title":"Dengue Virus Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon in Primary Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"84","author":"Kaminski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.10.018","article-title":"Interplay between Keratinocytes and Myeloid Cells Drives Dengue Virus Spread in Human Skin","volume":"138","author":"Duangkhae","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thelen, F., and Witherden, D.A. (2020). Get in Touch with Dendritic Epithelial T Cells!. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01656"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71548-z","article-title":"Development of Humanized Mouse and Rat Models with Full-Thickness Human Skin and Autologous Immune Cells","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.12.009","article-title":"Skin Wound Healing in Humans and Mice: Challenges in Translational Research","volume":"90","author":"Zomer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masemann, D., Ludwig, S., and Boergeling, Y. (2020). Advances in Transgenic Mouse Models to Study Infections by Human Pathogenic Viruses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239289"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.01.006","article-title":"Monocytes Derived from Humanized Neonatal NOD\/SCID\/IL2R\u03b3 Null Mice Are Phenotypically Immature and Exhibit Functional Impairments","volume":"73","author":"Gille","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-270678","article-title":"Human NK Cells of Mice with Reconstituted Human Immune System Components Require Preactivation to Acquire Functional Competence","volume":"116","author":"Strowig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuji, M., and Akkina, R. (2020). Editorial: Development of Humanized Mouse Models for Infectious Diseases and Cancer. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03051"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14540","article-title":"The Development of Next-Generation PBMC Humanized Mice for Preclinical Investigation of Cancer Immunotherapeutic Agents","volume":"40","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nrich, G., and Raftery, M.J. (2017). Exploring the Immunopathogenesis of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in Mice with a Humanized Immune System. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01202"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67430-7","article-title":"A Novel Humanized Mouse Model to Study the Function of Human Cutaneous Memory T Cells in Vivo in Human Skin","volume":"10","author":"Klicznik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadr6140","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140","article-title":"Multiple Cell Types Support Productive Infection and Dynamic Translocation of Infectious Ebola Virus to the Surface of Human Skin","volume":"11","author":"Messingham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2045875","article-title":"Usutu Virus Escapes Langerin-Induced Restriction to Productively Infect Human Langerhans Cells, Unlike West Nile Virus","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2022.100128","article-title":"A Human Skin Model for Assessing Arboviral Infections","volume":"2","author":"Esterly","year":"2022","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tajeri, S., Razmi, G., and Haghparast, A. (2016). Establishment of an Artificial Tick Feeding System to Study Theileria Lestoquardi Infection. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169053"},{"key":"ref_295","first-page":"836","article-title":"Transovarial Persistence of Babesia Ovata DNA in a Hard Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, in a Semi-Artificial Mouse Skin Membrane Feeding System","volume":"62","author":"Hatta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-263","article-title":"Semi-Artificial Mouse Skin Membrane Feeding Technique for Adult Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis","volume":"5","author":"Hatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_297","first-page":"e5","article-title":"A Human Full-Skin Culture System for Interventional Studies","volume":"9","author":"Steinstraesser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15607","article-title":"An Improved Human Skin Explant Culture Method for Testing and Assessing Personal Care Products","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153645","article-title":"Prolonged Viability of Human Organotypic Skin Explant in Culture Method (HOSEC)","volume":"90","author":"Frade","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.70170","article-title":"Inflammatory Niches as Spatial Drivers of Disease Mechanisms and Targets for Personalized Treatment","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.70301","article-title":"The Niche-centric View: Redefining Inflammatory Disease beyond Molecular Signatures","volume":"40","author":"Ngo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117075","article-title":"The First Reported Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Reinfection in the Literature: 11 Years Apart","volume":"114","author":"Baysal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09039-0","article-title":"Immune Memory: A New Frontier in Treating Recurrent Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"68","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271","article-title":"Inflammatory Memory Sensitizes Skin Epithelial Stem Cells to Tissue Damage","volume":"550","author":"Naik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/4\/429\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:13:52Z","timestamp":1775189632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/4\/429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":304,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v18040429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18040429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}