{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:57:05Z","timestamp":1789621025497,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23488011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23488011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza viruses are significant causes of acute respiratory infections, often leading to severe health issues and mortality. These viruses undergo continuous mutations and genetic reassortments, resulting in annual epidemics and potential pandemics. The A(H3N2) strains exhibit high genetic and antigenic variability, that influence vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of influenza viruses, including A(H3N2) strains, in Kazakhstan during 2020\u20132025. The study used nasopharyngeal swab and serum samples obtained from patients. The presence of influenza virus antigens in nasopharyngeal swabs was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The level of specific antibodies in the blood serum was determined using the hemagglutination inhibition reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Influenza A\/H1N1, A\/H3N2 and B viruses were diagnosed using real-time PCR. Antibodies to A\/H1N1pdm09, A\/H3N2 and B were detected in serological studies. Our studies revealed a trend toward seasonal patterns in influenza A viruses circulation. Therefore, it was established that the A\/H3N2 strains dominated in Kazakhstan during the 2021\u20132022 and 2023\u20132024 epidemic seasons. The 2023\u20132024 strains belong to the specific genetic clade J.2 or 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1. These studies confirmed the role of influenza viruses in the etiology of respiratory infections and emphasized the need to continue monitoring their spread in Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T09:40:31Z","timestamp":1775554831000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Surveillance of Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Kazakhstan (2020\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1139-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Glebova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-137X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nailya","family":"Klivleyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9022-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuray","family":"Ongarbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8959-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assem","family":"Baimukhametova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6526-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurbol","family":"Saktaganov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mereke","family":"Kalkozhayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kobey","family":"Karamendin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Ibragimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan-Russian Medical University, Postgraduate Cardiology Course, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madisha","family":"Sagatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The East Kazakhstan Regional Branch of National Center for Expertise, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070003, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aknur","family":"Mutaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Public Health Care, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Altynay","family":"Gabiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Public Health Care, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4397-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Webby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009322","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00093-22","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequences of Gram-Positive Opportunistic Pathogens Isolated from Hospitals in Almaty, Kazakhstan","volume":"11","author":"Korotetskiy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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