{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:22:16Z","timestamp":1785424936649,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2024 Kenya had a population of 4.78 million camels that contributed to the livelihoods of pastoralist communities in northern Kenya. Previous studies in Kenya, Saudi Arabia and eastern Africa demonstrated high seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-specific antibodies in dromedary camels, as well as sporadic transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans. Based on the MERS-CoV data and the very close contact between owners and their camels in northern Kenya, we speculated that camels may also transmit other zoonotic viruses, such as Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). In this study, 493 camel and 197 human sera were collected in Marsabit, Kenya, through a cross-sectional survey in 2018 and analyzed for the presence of RVFV IgG antibodies using a laboratory-developed indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, 15.6% of camels and 7.6% of humans were RVFV IgG-positive; IgG-positive camels were predominantly females in large population herds and IgG-positive humans were engaged in farming-related activities and were greater than 18 years old. Of the eight location groups sampled, two had high camel (site 2 and site 6) and two had high human (site 5 and site 6) RVFV seropositivity rates. These data suggest that camelids, such as dromedary camels, may serve as amplifying hosts for vector-borne zoonotic diseases, such as RVFV, and that humans with frequent farming and camel meat, milk, or camel product contact may have increased risk for RVFV exposure or infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1775633112000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Newly Established ELISA for the Surveillance of Rift Valley Fever in Dromedary Camels and Their Owners, Kenya 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0819-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon L. M.","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3570-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emir","family":"Talundzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aridth","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5929-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Ombok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, One Padmore Place, Off Ngong Road, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Harcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Thornburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2014Kenya, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road Off Mbagathi Way, Village Market, Nairobi P.O. Box 606-00621, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peninah","family":"Munyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2014Kenya, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road Off Mbagathi Way, Village Market, Nairobi P.O. Box 606-00621, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hunsperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2014Kenya, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road Off Mbagathi Way, Village Market, Nairobi P.O. Box 606-00621, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ngere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, One Padmore Place, Off Ngong Road, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Kariuki","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, One Padmore Place, Off Ngong Road, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu P.O. Box 1578-4100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew","family":"Muturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Disease Unit, Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives, Nairobi P.O. Box 30028-00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences (DRS), Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Alain","family":"Widdowson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2014Kenya, KEMRI Complex, Mbagathi Road Off Mbagathi Way, Village Market, Nairobi P.O. Box 606-00621, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Klena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-016-9858-1","article-title":"Camels and Climate Resilience: Adaptation in Northern Kenya","volume":"44","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. 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