{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:06:29Z","timestamp":1775797589060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014103","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022CXPT005-01-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CXPT005-01-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014103","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022CXPT005-01-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CXPT005-01-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFF1000900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFF1000900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding","award":["XQSWYZQZ-JBKY-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XQSWYZQZ-JBKY-2"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Leading Team Program of Guangzhou City","award":["202009020009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202009020009"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-42-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-42-19"]}]},{"name":"Project Charter for the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program in Agricultural Breeding Engineering","award":["2024LZGC021-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024LZGC021-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the B-cell response patterns induced by viral antigens in avian disease models and their detailed immunological characteristics still require comprehensive elucidation at the single-cell level. In this study, we employed single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) and B cell library technology to conduct an in-depth analysis of B cells in the spleens of mice with inactivated duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) as model antigen. This study aimed to investigate the immunological characteristics of the virus antigen in the mouse model and characteristics of B-Cell Receptors. The results showed that the DHAV-1 group had distinct changes in splenic B cell subset counts, proportions, and intercellular communication. Additionally, an increased trend in communication strength between Gm26917+B and Gm11837+B cells was observed, with enriched expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) and lymphotoxin (LT) detected in the DHAV-1 group. Furthermore, the DHAV-1 group exhibited a prominent combination of the IGHV1 family and IGHV3-1\/IGHJ3 in the heavy (H) chain variable region. Compared with the CK group (negative control group), the amino acid sequence length and diversity of the CDR3 region in the DHAV-1 group exhibited a decreasing trend. In summary, our findings characterize the immunological features of splenic B cells in mice after immunization with inactivated DHAV-1, and provide a preliminary characterization of DHAV-1-induced B cell transcriptional states and BCR repertoire features, generating testable hypotheses for subsequent mechanistic investigations of B cell-mediated immune responses to viral antigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1775641784000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ScRNA-Seq and BCR Analysis of Murine Immune Responses to Inactivated DHAV-1 as a Model Antigen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yaru","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saisai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guocheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linyu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youxiang","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.09.007","article-title":"Molecular analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 indicates that it should be assigned to a new genus","volume":"123","author":"Tseng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0233-1","article-title":"Classification of duck hepatitis virus into three genotypes based on molecular evolutionary analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2022.2162367","article-title":"Current status and future direction of duck hepatitis A virus vaccines","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1315","article-title":"mRNA-Seq whole-transcriptome analysis of a single cell","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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