{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1779206897668,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) imposes a substantial burden of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), especially in young children and the elderly. Methods: We describe RSV epidemiology among hospitalized SARI patients at the Ibn Sina University Hospital Center (Rabat, Morocco) from 1 January 2021, to 31 December 2025, using multiplex PCR (BioFire\u00ae RP2.1plus or Xpert\u00ae SARS-CoV-2\/Flu\/RSV). Results: Among 4604SARI samples, RSV prevalence was 16.1% (739\/4604), predominantly pediatric (88.6%, p &lt; 0.001), with peak burden in infants &lt;6 months (70.4% of cases, p &lt; 0.001). Pediatric prevalence was 28.3% (655\/2316) vs. 3.8% (84\/2204) in adults (p &lt; 0.001), with predominance in the elderly \u226560 years (51\/1041, 4.9%). Co-infections occurred in 46.7% (310\/665) of FilmArray-tested positives (total = 665), led by rhinovirus\/enterovirus (198\/310, 63.9%), and were significantly higher in children (48.5%, p &lt; 0.001). RSV peaked in winter (51.6%), except for summer dominance in 2021 (52.5%), reflecting COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical intervention effects. Conclusions: These data establish Morocco\u2019s first comprehensive RSV surveillance baseline, highlighting post-pandemic epidemiological shifts. As maternal vaccines and monoclonal antibodies emerge, these data inform optimal implementation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18050530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1777627997000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalized Patients at a University Hospital Center in Rabat, Morocco: An Epidemiological Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8690-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghizlane","family":"El-Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naima El","family":"Hafidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pneumo-Allergology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumia","family":"Benchekroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pneumo-Allergology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahraoui","family":"Chafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pneumo-Allergology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-0100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Zouaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Touyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najat","family":"Bouihat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma Ech-Cherif El","family":"Kettani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Harrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larbi","family":"Ed-Dafali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aziza","family":"Bentalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Alilou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Hamzaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Barkat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, Children\u2019s Hospital, Rabat, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilham","family":"Elouardighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2613-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Dendane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibn Sina University Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8799-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibn Sina University Hospital, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihane Bel","family":"Ayachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoufal","family":"Madani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Redouane","family":"Abouqal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hicham","family":"Harmouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mouna","family":"Maamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"El Jaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Immunology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat, Morocco, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Feindiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Seffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bouskraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakima","family":"Kabbaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodgson, D., Pebody, R., Panovska-Griffiths, J., Baguelin, M., and Atkins, K.E. (2020). Evaluating the next generation of RSV intervention strategies: A mathematical modelling study and cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01802-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2023.06.006","article-title":"The path towards effective respiratory syncytial virus immunization policies: Recommended actions","volume":"59","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000952","article-title":"The disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus in infants","volume":"36","author":"Munro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazela, J., Jackowska, T., Czech, M., Helwich, E., Martyn, O., Aleksiejuk, P., Smaga, A., Tkacz, A., Glazewska, J., and Wysocki, J. (2025). Clinical burden and healthcare utilization associated with hospitalizations of RSV-infected Polish children during the 2022\/23 season. Viruses, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010060"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v50i12a01","article-title":"Burden of disease of RSV in infants, children and pregnant women and people","volume":"50","author":"Abrams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac227","article-title":"Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections during the first 2 years of life: A prospective study across diverse global settings","volume":"226","author":"Langley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"249","article-title":"Towards widespread prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children and the elderly","volume":"37","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. P\u00e9diatrie Pu\u00e9ricult."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See, K.C. (2023). Vaccination for respiratory syncytial virus: A narrative review and primer for clinicians. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121809"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Liu, N., Zhu, Y., Wang, W., Fan, X., Yuan, X., Xu, J., Zheng, B., and Luan, L. (2024). Comparative study on the epidemiological characteristics and hazards of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus infections among elderly people. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10048-1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy016","article-title":"T-cell responses in adults during natural respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"218","author":"Roumanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-024-01118-9","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults: An update","volume":"41","author":"Alfano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143225","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01432-25","article-title":"High seroprevalence and high risk: Why are older adults more prone to respiratory syncytial virus?","volume":"99","author":"Rzymski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.11.008","article-title":"Viral infections in immunocompromised patients","volume":"17","author":"Englund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850831","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/850831","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants affected by primary immunodeficiency","volume":"2014","author":"Lanari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nduaguba, S.O., Tran, P.T., Choi, Y., and Winterstein, A.G. (2023). Respiratory syncytial virus reinfections among infants and young children in the United States, 2011\u20132019. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281555"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"14268","article-title":"Major changes in the G protein of human respiratory syncytial virus isolates introduced by a duplication of 60 nucleotides","volume":"5","author":"Trento","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Global distribution of respiratory syncytial virus A and B infections","volume":"11","author":"Noyola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"10161","article-title":"Genetic diversity and evolutionary insights of respiratory syncytial virus A ON1 genotype: Global and local transmission dynamics","volume":"89","author":"Duvvuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27856","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27856","article-title":"Association of RSV-A ON1 genotype with Increased Pediatric Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032807","article-title":"Genetic Variability of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus A Strains Circulating in Ontario: A Novel Genotype with a 72 Nucleotide G Gene Duplication","volume":"7","author":"Eshaghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab595","article-title":"Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Hospitalized Adults, 2017-2020","volume":"74","author":"Branche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: An official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21026","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infections in hospitalized infants: Association between viral load, virus subgroup, and disease severity","volume":"79","author":"Fodha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091099","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Sicily during Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Surveillance Seasons","volume":"12","author":"Tramuto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vead006","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead006","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus in Buenos Aires: Viral diversity, migration, and subgroup replacement","volume":"9","author":"Goya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Evolution"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00291-2","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus prevention within reach: The vaccine and monoclonal antibody landscape","volume":"23","author":"Munoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet. Infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"99","article-title":"Circulating viral respiratory pathogens as causative agents for severe acute respiratory infections in Morocco: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmu010","article-title":"The epidemiology and aetiology of infections in children admitted with clinical severe pneumonia to a university hospital in Rabat, Morocco","volume":"60","author":"Jroundi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2276261","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in children with severe acute respiratory infection and impact of the multiplex PCR FilmArray respiratory panel: A 2-year study","volume":"2021","author":"Guennouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"112","article-title":"Epidemiology and diagnosis of severe acute viral respiratory infections in patients admitted at Ibn Sina University Hospital Rabat-Morocco","volume":"2","author":"Marcil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02605-w","article-title":"Recent updates regarding the management and treatment of pneumonia in pediatric patients: A comprehensive review","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679770","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2679770","article-title":"Contribution of the FilmArray BioFire technology in the diagnosis of viral respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic at Ibn Sina University Hospital Center in Rabat: Epidemiological study about 503 cases","volume":"2023","author":"Edderdouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"bioM\u00e9rieux Website [Internet] (2025, November 21). BIOFIRE\u00ae Respiratory 2.1 et 2.1plus Panels. Available online: https:\/\/www.biomerieux.com\/fr\/fr\/notre-offre\/produits-clinique\/biofire-respiratory-2-1-panels.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bally-von Passavant, E.D., Joseph, N., Kr\u00e4utler, N.J., McCarthy-Pontier, D., L\u00fcthi-Corridori, G., Jaun, F., Leuppi, J.D., and Boesing, M. (2025). Burden and characteristics of RSV-associated hospitalizations in Switzerland: A nation-wide analysis from 2017 to 2023. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.0742.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2025, November 21). Xpert\u00ae Xpress CoV-2\/Flu\/RSV Plus [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.cepheid.com\/fr-FR\/tests\/respiratory\/xpert-xpress-cov-2-flu-rsv-plus.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v51i01a04","article-title":"Burden of disease of respiratory syncytial virus in older adults and adults considered at high risk of severe infection","volume":"51","author":"Abrams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/006.2024","article-title":"Microbiological and epidemiological features of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"37","author":"Eiros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassine, H.M., Sohail, M.U., Younes, N., and Nasrallah, G.K. (2020). Systematic review of the respiratory syncytial virus prevalence, genotype distribution, and seasonality in children from the Middle East and North Africa region. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050713"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.7.482","article-title":"Circulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Morocco during 2014\u20132016: Findings from a sentinel-based virological surveillance system for 413 influenza","volume":"22","author":"Bimouhen","year":"2016","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamrani Hanchi, A., Guennouni, M., Ben Houmich, T., Echchakery, M., Draiss, G., Rada, N., Younous, S., Bouskraoui, M., and Bouskraoui, N. (2022). Changes in the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121542"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.014","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection among adults hospitalized with influenza-like illness in France","volume":"23","author":"Loubet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23272","article-title":"Broad respiratory virus detection in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis by use of a multiplex RT-PCR DNA microarray system","volume":"84","author":"Huguenin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010426","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010426","article-title":"The role of viral co-infections in the severity of acute respiratory infections among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00265.x","article-title":"Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: Viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco, G.A., G\u00e1lvez, N.M.S., Soto, J.A., Andrade, C.A., and Kalergis, A.M. (2021). Bacterial and viral coinfections with the human respiratory syncytial virus. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061293"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miron, V.D., Raianu, R.O., Filimon, C., and Craiu, M. (2024). Clinical differences between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV infections in infants: Findings from a case-control study. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010063"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkharsah, K.R. (2022). The scope of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and the change in seasonal pattern during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58111623"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1256","article-title":"Marked and concomitant decline in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic patients following introduction of public health interventions in Australia: Data from St Vincent\u2019s Hospital and associated screening clinics, Sydney, New South Wales","volume":"72","author":"Marriott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25644","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 social distancing on viral infection in France: A delayed outbreak of RSV","volume":"56","author":"Delestrain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022","article-title":"Changes in pediatric respiratory infections at a UK teaching hospital 2016\u20132021: Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"84","author":"Lumley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treggiari, D., Pomari, C., Zavarise, G., Piubelli, C., Formenti, F., and Perandin, F. (2024). Characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children in the post-COVID seasons: A Northern Italy hospital experience. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010126"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162694","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses elucidated by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"880","author":"Ando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2025, November 21). European Respiratory Virus Surveillance Summary (ERVISS) [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/european-respiratory-virus-surveillance-summary-erviss."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trigueros Montes, J.B., Montes, D., Miele, A., Baik-Han, W., Gulati, G., and Lew, L.Q. (2024). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Pulm. Med.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2131098"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2100639","article-title":"Low levels of respiratory syncytial virus activity in Europe during the 2020\/21 season: What can we expect in the coming summer and autumn\/winter?","volume":"26","author":"Meijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2026.101597","article-title":"Real-world impact of nirsevimab immunisation and maternal RSV vaccination against respiratory disease on emergency department attendances and admissions: A multinational retrospective analysis","volume":"63","author":"Chiaretti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/5\/530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:18:50Z","timestamp":1779203930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/5\/530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v18050530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18050530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}