{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:14:01Z","timestamp":1778152441822,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the High-Level Technical Talent Construction Project of Beijing Municipal Health Commission"},{"name":"the Beijing Municipal Public Welfare Development and Reform Pilot Project for Medical Research Institutes","award":["JYY2023-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYY2023-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been reported that chronic infection of human norovirus (HuNoV) may potentially serve as a reservoir for viral variants with the possibility to evade population immunity or alter the binding sites of HBGA receptors. In this study, a child diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma and positive for HuNoV determined by real-time PCR (qPCR) firstly in 15 August 2016, was followed up until 20 March 2018, and 26 fecal specimens and one vomitus were collected to trace the evolutionary characteristics of HuNoV by phylogenetic analysis, meta-genomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and temporal evolutionary analysis of VP1 among 23 specimens positive for HuNoV. There were 15 specimens with partial RdRp gene sequences forming an independent cluster with sequences of GII.P31, 14 with the region C sequences and 11 with P domain sequences of VP1 gene clustered together with HuNoV GII.4 Sydney_2012. All these sequences showed that mutations accumulated nearly in a time order, and more mutations were shown in the key epitopes A\u2013E or near the binding sites for HBGA in subdomain P2 with higher evolutionary rates. Analysis of NGS data identified intra-host viral quasi-species, and two genome sequences of the same length from mNGS were assembled from N705, with mutations located in the region of subdomain P2 (1171 nt\u20131202 nt) which led to five amino acid mutations. In conclusion, the accumulated mutations of HuNoV, especially in subdomain P2, were explored in a child with Burkitt lymphoma, and the sequencing of HuNoV from immunocompromised individuals was proven critical for monitoring intra-host quasi-species evolution and potential variant emergence, providing basic data for clinical infection control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18050538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:39:47Z","timestamp":1778150387000},"page":"538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Prolonged Norovirus Infection and the Molecular Evolution of Human Norovirus Within-Host in a Child with Burkitt Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4528-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1055-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ri","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6857-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1772-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenzhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunqiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Capital Health Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1345","article-title":"Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus","volume":"195","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.08.047","article-title":"Noroviral P particle: Structure, function and applications in virus\u2013host interaction","volume":"382","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12335","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.23.12335-12343.2002","article-title":"Binding of Norwalk virus-like particles to ABH histo-blood group antigens is blocked by antisera from infected human volunteers or experimentally vaccinated mice","volume":"76","author":"Harrington","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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