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Mucosal immune cells reside adjacent to, within, below, and distant from the epithelium that lines the surface of the female genital tract (FGT) mucosa. Innate immune cells play dual roles in HIV acquisition, both poised to rapidly recognize and respond to HIV, but are also capable of promoting HIV infection locally and distantly in the lymph nodes. In this review we emphasize recent human research on the roles of specific innate immune cells in HIV pathogenesis in the FGT, including dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and innate lymphoid cells. We review how FGT mucosal dynamics, including anatomical compartmentalization, menstrual cycle regulation, reproductive history, menopause and chronological aging contribute to tissue conditioning of these cells and changes in HIV susceptibility in women throughout their lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18050542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1778271073000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mucosal Dynamics Contributing to Innate Immune Responses to HIV in the Human Female Genital Tract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8297-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genna E.","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel P.","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-8285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rodriguez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2020.07.021","article-title":"Mucosal Immunity and HIV Acquisition in Women","volume":"19","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-021-00546-1","article-title":"HIV Pathogenesis in the Human Female Reproductive Tract","volume":"18","author":"Connors","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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