{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:34:03Z","timestamp":1791740043656,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program Key Project","award":["2024JC-ZDXM-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-ZDXM-42"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program Key Project","award":["2025JC-YBMS-988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-988"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82272330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82272330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272330"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Assistance Program of Xijing Hospital","award":["XJZT26JS052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJZT26JS052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The innate immune system serves as the primary barrier against viral invasion, utilizing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to orchestrate a rapid defense. Among these, the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) containing proteins function as central signaling scaffolds, assembling into multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes. These complexes drive the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18, and initiate gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis, a lytic cell death pathway that eliminates intracellular replication niches. This comprehensive review synthesizes the diversified landscape of inflammasome activation during viral infections, extending beyond the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome to include specialized sensors such as NLRP6, NLRP9, NLRP1, NLRP12, and NLRC4. We critically evaluate the evolutionary \u201carms race\u201d between host defenses and viral pathogens, detailing the sophisticated immune evasion strategies employed by viruses\u2014ranging from the expression of decoy proteins and direct proteolytic cleavage of immune sensors to the manipulation of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Furthermore, we discuss the dual nature of inflammasome activation, which balances protective viral clearance against pathological hyperinflammation, and provide an exhaustive analysis of novel therapeutic strategies, including direct NLR inhibitors and downstream cytokine blockers, currently navigating clinical transition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18050546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1778271073000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["NLR Inflammasomes in Viral Infections: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shiyuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danni","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9725-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Z., Zhang, X., Gu, Y., Liu, Y., Lan, L.-M., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Yang, G., Wan, P., and Chen, X. 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