{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:44:12Z","timestamp":1792442652038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swine Health Information Centre","award":["SHIC 22-015 and SHIC-24-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHIC 22-015 and SHIC-24-035"]}]},{"name":"Vietnam National Project","award":["DTDL.CN-53\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTDL.CN-53\/19"]}]},{"name":"the CFIA RPS","award":["N-000534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N-000534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II strains have been responsible for the global epidemic in domestic pigs and are typically characterized by a hemadsorption (HAD)-positive phenotype mediated by the CD2v protein encoded by the EP402R gene. Here, we report the detection and genetic characterization of three non-HAD genotype II ASFV isolates (VNUA\/ASFV\/VP2023-isolate1, VNUA\/ASFV\/TB2024-isolate2, and VNUA\/ASFV\/HY2024-isolate3) recovered from whole-blood samples collected from pigs exhibiting prolonged clinical signs in northern Vietnam. Whole-genome analysis revealed nonsense mutations in the EP402R gene (G57A in isolates VNUA\/ASFV\/TB2024-isolate2 and VNUA\/ASFV\/HY2024-isolate3, and G132A in VNUA\/ASFV\/VP2023-isolate1), resulting in premature stop codons and a HAD-negative phenotype. Furthermore, additional genetic alterations, including deletions and frameshift mutations, were identified within multigene families (MGF110, MGF360, and MGF505), which are known to play critical roles in virulence, host range, and immune evasion. Notably, VNUA\/ASFV\/VP2023-isolate1 harbored a partial deletion of the I177L gene along with the insertion of an mCherry marker gene, suggesting possible evolution of the modified live ASFV-G-\u0394I177L vaccine strain under field conditions. Collectively, these findings underscore the ongoing evolution and genomic plasticity of ASFV strains circulating in Vietnam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:17:58Z","timestamp":1779812278000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emergence of Non-Hemadsorbing African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variants and the Evolution of a Vaccine-Derived Strain in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3978-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Chau Giang","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Tam","family":"Than","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Ngoc Ha","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vettech Veterinary Joint Stock Company, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoang Duc","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8601-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trong Tung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6343-0944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc Duong","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc Bao Anh","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1604-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoai Thuong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong Anh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalhari","family":"Goonewardene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aruna","family":"Ambagala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-4111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Phan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WOAH (2025, April 04). 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