{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1779887331455,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["SECTEI\/138\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECTEI\/138\/2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"DGAPA-UNAM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPIIT-DGAPA-IN230523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT-DGAPA-IN230523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seasonal influenza circulation was profoundly disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an unprecedented global decline in viral activity and genetic diversity. As non-pharmaceutical interventions gradually relaxed, influenza viruses re-emerged in multiple regions in 2022; however, genomic data from Latin America remain limited, particularly for the first post-pandemic season. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological, genomic, and evolutionary patterns of influenza A and B viruses circulating in Mexico between June 2018 and June 2023, with a specific focus on the first post-pandemic season (June 2022\u2013June 2023). More than 90% of the influenza virus genomes available from Mexico for this post-pandemic period were generated in this study, while data from earlier seasons were used for contextualization. Following a near-complete absence of influenza circulation during 2020\u20132021, viral activity re-emerged in late 2021 and intensified during 2022\u20132023. Post-pandemic circulation in Mexico was dominated by influenza A(H3N2), with a lower contribution from A(H1N1)pdm09 and a delayed re-emergence of B\/Victoria; B\/Yamagata was not detected. Genomic analyses revealed rapid lineage turnover after the pandemic, characterized by the predominance of post-pandemic clades and reduced genetic diversity compared with pre-pandemic seasons. Phylogenetic analyses indicated multiple introductions and strong regional connectivity across North and South America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1779885116000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-Pandemic Genomic Diversity and Lineage Turnover of Influenza Viruses in Mexico During 2022\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Blanca","family":"Taboada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica del Desarrollo y Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1034-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Z\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Esteban","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel Armando","family":"Vazquez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0476-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Sanchez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Masiva y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3757-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel Gustavo","family":"Salas-Lais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Uscanga","family":"Junco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias B\u00e1sicas Aplicadas (IICBA), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alida","family":"Z\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica del Desarrollo y Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Fernandes-Matano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Uribe-Noguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4900-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Mendoza-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidencio","family":"Mej\u00eda-Nepomuceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos F.","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica del Desarrollo y Fisiolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105184","article-title":"Clinical and Phylogenetic Influenza Dynamics for the 2019-20 Season in the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN)\u2014Pilot Study","volume":"152","author":"Frobert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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