{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:09:56Z","timestamp":1780470596300,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VETLAB network initiative of the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture"},{"name":"Peaceful Uses Initiatives"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an economically significant viral disease of cattle, widely prevalent across Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan regions. In 2024, Tunisia reported its first outbreak. Understanding the genetic characteristics of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and related poxviruses is critical for surveillance and control. Twenty-nine samples from 26 suspected cases were screened for LSDV using qPCR, followed by a High-Resolution Multiplex Melting (HRM) assay. Three representative samples, two LSDV-positive and one bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV)-positive, were subjected to whole-genome sequencing using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) HiFi long-read technology. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSDV-marker gene RPO30 and complete genomes were performed alongside SNP and InDel profiling. The Tunisian LSDV isolates clustered with Clade 1.2.2 field strains and were 100% identical to each other and to the Italian isolate LSDV_Italy_Sardinia_2025, sharing 99.99% nucleotide identity with LSDV_V281_Nigeria. Although only two LSDV isolates were sequenced which showed no genetic differences, these findings suggest genomic stability within Clade 1.2.2. The Tunisian BPSV isolate showed high similarity (98.15\u201398.59%) to strains reported in Germany and Switzerland. This study presents the first genetic characterization of LSDV and BPSV in Tunisia, highlighting the importance of accurate differential diagnosis among poxviruses and continuous genomic surveillance to inform control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1780467451000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole Genome Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus and Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus Detected in Cattle During the 2024\u20132025 Outbreaks in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Saida Emna Ayari","family":"Fakhfakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de la Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Tunisie, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9512-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Mejri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de la Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Tunisie, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"LR03ES03 Laboratoire Microorganismes et Bio-Mol\u00e9cules Actives, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makrem","family":"Ourabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat R\u00e9gional de D\u00e9veloppement Agricole de Tozeur, Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic Resources and Fisheries, Route de Nafta, Avenue Farhat Hached, Tozeur 2200, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiem","family":"Mouelhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat R\u00e9gional de D\u00e9veloppement Agricole de Jendouba, Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic Resources and Fisheries, BP 588, Assanabil, Route de Tunis, Jendouba 8122, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hejer","family":"Sayari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissariat R\u00e9gional de D\u00e9veloppement Agricole de B\u00e9ja, Ministry of Agriculture, Hydraulic Resources and Fisheries Avenue Habib Bourguiba, B\u00e9ja 9000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soufien","family":"Sghaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for Near East and North Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rue du Lac Winnipeg, Berges du Lac 1, Tunis 1053, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem Ouled","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de la Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Tunisie, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida Tlatli","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de la Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Tunisie, Universit\u00e9 Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirumala Bharani K.","family":"Settypalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Dundon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5983-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene Kasindi","family":"Meki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Euloge","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12444","article-title":"Review: Capripoxvirus Diseases: Current Status and Opportunities for Control","volume":"64","author":"Tuppurainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. 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