{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:24:14Z","timestamp":1790065454384,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While viral diseases of domestic cats (Felis catus) can threaten the recovery of the European wildcat (Felis s. silvestris), their epidemiology in wildcat populations remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed 428 road-killed wildcats from Western and Central Germany for the presence of antibodies\/antigens of six feline viruses. The presence of at least one viral antigen or antiviral antibody was detected in 53.3% of the animals. Antibodies against feline parvovirus (FPV) showed the highest seroprevalence (29.2%), while feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigens were detected in 22.2% of the animals. Antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline herpesvirus (FHV) and feline calicivirus (FCV) were detected in 10% or fewer of the wildcats. No antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were detected. FeLV antigens clustered spatially, with prevalence declining from southwest to northeast, consistent with the geographic expansion of the virus antigens. Seroprevalence of FPV and prevalence of FeLV increased with age, suggesting cumulative exposure, while juvenile males were particularly unlikely to be seropositive for FPV. Proximity to built-up areas did not predict seroprevalence for any virus. FeLV and FPV in particular warrant further investigation as potential threats to wildcat recovery in Germany and highlight the need for longitudinal health monitoring alongside existing conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1780467451000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exposure to Feline Viruses in European Wildcats (Felis s. silvestris) in Germany: Spatial Patterns and Environmental Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Heddergott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mus\u00e9e National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, 25, rue Muenster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutta","family":"Pikalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Working Group for Wildlife Reserach, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mus\u00e9e National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, 25, rue Muenster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen, Tammannstra\u00dfe 4, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1629-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Wittische","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mus\u00e9e National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, 25, rue Muenster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Steeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Working Group for Wildlife Reserach, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Museum of Natural History G\u00f6rlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 G\u00f6rlitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nationalpark Harz, Erzw\u00e4sche 1, 37444 Sankt Andreasberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0967-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Ansorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Museum of Natural History G\u00f6rlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 G\u00f6rlitz, Germany"},{"name":"International Institute Zittau, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5481-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain C.","family":"Frantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Mus\u00e9e National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, 25, rue Muenster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2008.00228.x","article-title":"The role of infectious diseases in biological conservation","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. 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