{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:15:35Z","timestamp":1780470935901,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Bahrain","award":["UTF\/BAH\/006\/BAH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UTF\/BAH\/006\/BAH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary disease that affects small ruminants and impacts livestock production and trade. This study investigated the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in sheep, goats, camels, and wild ruminants in Bahrain. A total of 1240 sheep, 1224 goats, 100 camels, and 38 wild ruminants were tested using competitive ELISA. The individual seroprevalence rates were 26% in sheep and 25.5% in goats, with flock\/herd-level prevalences of 22.7% and 29.6%, respectively. No antibodies were detected in camels or wild ruminants. The highest seroprevalence was observed in the Northern governorate. The identified risk factors included geographic location, age (&lt;12 months for goats), sex (male for goats), and health status (weak animals). At the flock\/herd level, large flock size and semi-intensive farming increased the likelihood of seropositivity. In addition, a 2023\u20132024 surveillance campaign tested 1044 young, locally born lambs and kids across all governorates. All animals were found to be negative for PPR according to a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, confirming the absence of antibodies and active virus circulation in the population. These findings support the classification of Bahrain at Progressive Control Pathway for PPR (PCP-PPR) Level 3 status and emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and regional cooperation to mitigate the spread of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1780467451000},"page":"634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological Investigation of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Bahrain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Almajali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Al Qala-id Street, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 62072, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"},{"name":"Regional Representation for the Middle East, World Organization of Animal Health, Beirut P.O. Box 901965, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shereen Adel","family":"Al Kazaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab Abdulhussain","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Hamdy","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Service, Budaiya, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Jawad Al","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Service, Budaiya, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Hussain","family":"Makki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Service, Budaiya, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fajur Sabah","family":"Al Saloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"},{"name":"Veterinary Service, Budaiya, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Al Hayki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Service, Budaiya, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Agriculture, Manama P.O. Box 251, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Tibbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Al Qala-id Street, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 62072, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OIE (2020). Peste des Petits Ruminants (Infection with Peste des Petits Ruminants) in OIE Terrestrial Mannual 2019, OIE."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benfield, C.T.O., Legnardi, M., Mayen, F., Almajali, A., Cinardi, G., Wisser, D., Chaka, H., and Njeumi, F. (2023). 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