{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:13:07Z","timestamp":1780470787975,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sustainable Food Systems Ireland, Ministry for Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Republic of Ireland","award":["VIPFAST-NIVR-18012024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIPFAST-NIVR-18012024"]}]},{"name":"collaboration between NIVR with Komipharm International Co., Ltd., Korea on the development of the potential ASF candidate vaccine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recombinant genotype I\u2013II African swine fever virus (ASFV) strains with high virulence have been increasingly reported in China and Vietnam since 2023, raising significant concerns for disease control. In this study, we characterized the hematological, virological, pathological, and immunological dynamics in ASFV-inoculated pigs, with particular emphasis on temporal changes associated with mortality following the onset of viremia. Specific-pathogen-free pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with 1 \u00d7 103 or 1 \u00d7 105 HAD50\/mL of ASFV LS100 virus strain and developed acute disease characterized by high fever and severe hemorrhagic manifestations. The incubation period ranged from 3 to 5 days, with mortality occurring between 6 and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Viral genomic DNA was detected in blood, oral swabs, and rectal swabs as early as 2\u20134 dpi. Pathological examination revealed prominent necrotic skin lesions and joint swelling. Although hematological parameters and serum biochemical profiles were comparable between high- and low-dose groups, differences in viral load distribution were observed. Notably, cytokine profiling in whole blood revealed a strong and persistent upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, CCL2, CCL3, CCL14, CXCL9, and CXCL10, which correlated with persistent fever from 2 to 7 dpi. Collectively, these findings confirm that naturally occurring recombinant genotype I\u2013II ASFV strains are highly virulent and capable of inducing severe systemic inflammation. Their continued circulation poses substantial challenges for ASF control and prevention in Vietnam and threatens the global swine industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:17:31Z","timestamp":1780467451000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Pathogenetic and Immunological Parameters of the Genotype I and II Recombinant African Swine Fever Viruses Detected in Pigs in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Duc","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien Thi Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Nghe An University, 51 Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City 460000, Nghe An, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nhu Thi","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh Phuong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7298-9456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanh Quoc","family":"Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi Hai","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Nghe An University, 51 Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City 460000, Nghe An, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuong Dinh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Nghe An University, 51 Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City 460000, Nghe An, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7770-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun A.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research and Development Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd., 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si 15094, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Hoe","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research and Development Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd., 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si 15094, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research and Development Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd., 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si 15094, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Cheol","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research and Development Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd., 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si 15094, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9734-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Hyang","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research and Development Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd., 17 Gyeongje-ro, Siheung-si 15094, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha Thi Thanh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang Vu","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Immunology and Epidemiology, Vietnam Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (VIAVS), 86 Truong Chinh, Kim Lien Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WOAH (2022). 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