{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:11Z","timestamp":1785403631213,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-KS211475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KS211475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2021-KS211475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KS211475"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00c5s4a53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25519160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25519160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25519160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25519160"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033w59g46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Begomoviruses are among the most destructive plant viruses, causing substantial yield losses across diverse cropping systems. Their epidemiological success is driven by high genetic plasticity, broad host range, and efficient transmission by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci. Traditional epidemiological models based on the classical disease triangle (virus\u2013host\u2013vector) fail to fully capture the ecological and evolutionary complexity of begomovirus pathosystems. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of non-cultivated plants, particularly weeds, as persistent reservoirs that maintain viral populations during off seasons, facilitate recombination, and act as primary inoculum sources for subsequent outbreaks. Here, we propose the Begomovirus Disease Tetrahedron, an integrative framework that expands the disease triangle by incorporating weeds as a fourth essential component. We synthesize current knowledge on begomovirus adaptive evolution, including genome plasticity, noncanonical protein functions, and virus\u2013vector mutualism, alongside key ecological drivers such as seasonal dynamics, agricultural intensification, and landscape connectivity. By integrating molecular, ecological, and epidemiological perspectives, this framework provides a comprehensive understanding of begomovirus emergence and persistence, offering new insights for the development of sustainable and ecologically informed disease management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:23:21Z","timestamp":1780622601000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Begomovirus Disease Tetrahedron: Weeds as the Missing Dimension in Virus Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3528-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjia","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy T. B.","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattanong","family":"Bupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Amir","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Jin","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Kwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imankul","family":"Assem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M. Hemayet","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Long","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Parrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Palukaitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 56443, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taek-Kyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9964-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukchan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.43.040204.135939","article-title":"Exploiting chinks in the lant\u2019s armor: Evolution and emergence of Geminiviruses","volume":"43","author":"Rojas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. 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