{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:35:53Z","timestamp":1785404153716,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P20GM130555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM130555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["5P20GM130555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM130555"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008294","name":"Louisiana State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ect4e57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LSU Dissertation Year Fellowship award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory infections, but its impact on macrophage antibacterial functions remains poorly understood. Macrophages play a crucial role in host defense through phagocytosis, and impairment of this function may increase susceptibility to secondary infections. Here, we show that HMPV infection of THP-1-derived macrophages significantly reduces bacterial uptake in a replication-dependent manner. This effect was restricted to infected cells and was not recapitulated by cell-free supernatants, indicating a cell-intrinsic mechanism. HMPV infection was also associated with reduced expression of the scavenger receptor CD36. Viral gene knockdown studies further implicated the HMPV G protein in this phenotype, as silencing the G protein restored phagocytic function. Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets from HMPV-infected mouse lungs revealed reduced CD36 expression and broader alterations in phagocytosis-associated gene programs across lung macrophage subsets. Supporting these observations, expression of Cd36 and Marco was reduced in lung tissue from HMPV-infected mice. Overall, these findings demonstrate that HMPV impairs macrophage-mediated bacterial uptake through a replication-dependent, cell-intrinsic mechanism and identify reduced scavenger receptor expression and the viral G protein as factors associated with this phenotype. These alterations may contribute to increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections during HMPV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:23:21Z","timestamp":1780622601000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HMPV Impairs Macrophage Phagocytosis Through a Replication-Dependent Mechanism Associated with Reduced CD36 Expression and the Viral G Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5667-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6856-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pius I.","family":"Babawale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basel","family":"Abuaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonieta","family":"Guerrero-Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1086\/382482","article-title":"A 1-year experience with human metapneumovirus in children aged <5 years","volume":"189","author":"Esper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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