{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:22:43Z","timestamp":1785410563218,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-74-10105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-74-10105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["23-74-10105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-74-10105"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science","award":["125041005114-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125041005114-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant variants (MRSA, VRSA), causes infections that are increasingly difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. One of the approaches to developing new therapeutics to treat staphylococcal infections is the use of bacteriophages specific to these bacteria or the lytic enzymes of such bacteriophages, which are capable of hydrolyzing the cell walls of these bacteria. Phage-encoded endolysins offer an alternative promising class of antimicrobial agents. In this study, LysSA120, a 250-amino-acid endolysin encoded by the S. aureus podophage vB_SauP_120, was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and characterized. The domain organization and tertiary structure of LysSA120 were predicted. Recombinant LysSA120 hydrolyzed cell walls were obtained from S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. auricularis and S. saprophyticus. It was shown that treatment of S. aureus planktonic cells with endolysin LysSA120 led to reduced viability. Furthermore, LysSA120 could hydrolyze mature biofilm formed by VRSA. The lytic spectrum and antibiofilm activity of LysSA120 warrant its further evaluation as an enzybiotic against drug-resistant staphylococcal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:50:58Z","timestamp":1781157058000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cloning and Characterization of an Endolysin LysSA120 as a Potential Staphylococcus Biofilm-Removing Agent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Natalia N.","family":"Golosova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana A.","family":"Khlusevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2066-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdana I.","family":"Kravchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila A.","family":"Emelyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna V.","family":"Sushko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia N.","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina V.","family":"Tikunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6884-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey L.","family":"Matveev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achek, R., El-Adawy, H., Hotzel, H., Hendam, A., Tomaso, H., Ehricht, R., Neubauer, H., Nabi, I., Hamdi, T.M., and Monecke, S. (2021). Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Human and Food Samples in Northern Algeria. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101276"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.4288","article-title":"Management of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia: A Review","volume":"334","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e606","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00040-5","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Colonisation and Strategies for Decolonisation","volume":"5","author":"Piewngam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000001096","article-title":"Recurrence of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Identifying Risk Factors and Treatment Strategies","volume":"38","author":"Toschi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touaitia, R., Mairi, A., Ibrahim, N.A., Basher, N.S., Idres, T., and Touati, A. (2025). Staphylococcus Aureus: A Review of the Pathogenesis and Virulence Mechanisms. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050470"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01226-2","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant and Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus: Tolerance, Immune Evasion and Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Parsons","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz030","article-title":"Development of a Vaccine against Staphylococcus Aureus Invasive Infections: Evidence Based on Human Immunity, Genetics and Bacterial Evasion Mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasquel-Oliveira, F.S., Ribeiro, J.M., Martelossi-Cebinelli, G., Costa, F.B., Nakazato, G., Casagrande, R., and Verri, W.A. (2025). Staphylococcus Aureus in Inflammation and Pain: Update on Pathologic Mechanisms. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020185"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: A Prioritisation Study to Guide Research, Development, and Public Health Strategies against Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"25","author":"Sati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.10.010","article-title":"Virulence Factors Produced by Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"68","author":"Anani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackmon, S., Avendano, E.E., Balaji, S., Argaw, S.A., Morin, R.A., Nirmala, N., Doron, S., and Nadimpalli, M.L. (2025). Neighborhood-Level Income and MRSA Infection Risk in the USA: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22275-5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03984-8","article-title":"Virulence Factors and Clonal Diversity of Staphylococcus Aureus in Colonization and Wound Infection with Emphasis on Diabetic Foot Infection","volume":"39","author":"Shettigar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20240002","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20240002","article-title":"A Path Forward for Staphylococcus Aureus Vaccine Development","volume":"221","author":"Fritz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S., Das, R., Chavan, B., Bajpai, U., Hanif, S., and Ahmed, S. (2023). Beyond Antibiotics: Phage-Encoded Lysins against Gram-Negative Pathogens. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1170418"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Vivas, J., Elexpuru-Zabaleta, M., Samano, M.L., Barrera, A.P., Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez, T.Y., Giampieri, F., and Battino, M. (2021). Phages and Enzybiotics in Food Biopreservation. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175138"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468114","DOI":"10.1080\/20565623.2025.2468114","article-title":"Unveiling the Potential Bacteriophage Therapy: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128107","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Bacterial Anti-Phage Strategies and the Underlying Mechanisms Altering Susceptibility to Antibiotics","volume":"295","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52325-2","article-title":"Control of Bacterial Cell Wall Autolysins by Peptidoglycan Crosslinking Mode","volume":"15","author":"Alvarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02277","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02277","article-title":"Bacterial Autolysins Trim Cell Surface Peptidoglycan to Prevent Detection by the Drosophila Innate Immune System","volume":"3","author":"Atilano","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01069-z","article-title":"Phage-Derived Endolysins Against Resistant Staphylococcus Spp.: A Review of Features, Antibacterial Activities, and Recent Applications","volume":"14","author":"Golban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70280","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70280","article-title":"Phage and Endolysin Therapy Against Antibiotics Resistant Bacteria: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"6","author":"Mohebi","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1825333","article-title":"Resistance to Peptidoglycan-Degrading Enzymes","volume":"46","author":"Grishin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, K.Y., Megat Mazhar Khair, M.H., Song, A.A.-L., Masarudin, M.J., Chong, C.M., In, L.L.A., and Teo, M.Y.M. (2022). Endolysins against Streptococci as an Antibiotic Alternative. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.935145"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W291","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx366","article-title":"COFACTOR: Improved Protein Function Prediction by Combining Structure, Sequence and Protein\u2013Protein Interaction Information","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx345","article-title":"Protein-Sol: A Web Tool for Predicting Protein Solubility from Sequence","volume":"33","author":"Hebditch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1102","article-title":"SoluProt: Prediction of Soluble Protein Expression in Escherichia Coli","volume":"37","author":"Hon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01488-1","article-title":"ColabFold: Making Protein Folding Accessible to All","volume":"19","author":"Mirdita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate Structure Prediction of Biomolecular Interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","article-title":"UCSF Chimera\u2014A Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pettersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3676-2_7","article-title":"Zymographic Techniques for the Analysis of Bacterial Cell Wall in Bacillus","volume":"1440","author":"Fukushima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golosova, N.N., Matveev, A.L., Tikunova, N.V., Khlusevich, Y.A., Kozlova, Y.N., Morozova, V.V., Babkin, I.V., Ushakova, T.A., Zhirakovskaya, E.V., and Panina, E.A. (2024). Bacteriophage vB_SepP_134 and Endolysin LysSte_134_1 as Potential Staphylococcus-Biofilm-Removing Biological Agents. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030385"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1843427","article-title":"Quorum Sensing: A New Prospect for the Management of Antimicrobial-Resistant Infectious Diseases","volume":"19","author":"Haque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2003","article-title":"Small-Molecule Targeting of a Diapophytoene Desaturase Inhibits S. Aureus Virulence","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.024","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies as Anti-Infective Products: A Promising Future?","volume":"25","author":"Pelfrene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niazi, S.K. (2025). Bacteriophage Therapy: Discovery, Development, and FDA Approval Pathways. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081115"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, H., and Zheng, Y. (2026). Phage Endolysins as Alternative Antimicrobials: Mechanisms, Clinical Progress, and Emerging Resistance Frameworks. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1762768"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacnik, M., Hauza, E., Skaradzi\u0144ska, A., and \u015aliwka, P. (2026). Bacteriophage Therapy: Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance Through Advanced Delivery Methods. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020324"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202200056","article-title":"Bacteriostatic Effects of Phage F23s1 and Its Endolysin on Vibrio Parahaemolyticus","volume":"62","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109615","article-title":"A Novel Bacillus Cereus Bacteriophage DLn1 and Its Endolysin as Biocontrol Agents against Bacillus Cereus in Milk","volume":"369","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitken, M., Abeysekera, G., Billington, C., and Dobson, R.C.J. (2025). Recent Advances in Endolysin Engineering. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121285"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2025.109517","article-title":"From Structure to Function: Decoding Peptidoglycan O-Acetylation in Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"554","author":"Anderson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, S., Emanuel, S., Inglis, D.W., Vickery, K., Deva, A.K., and Hu, H. (2022). Mild Positive Pressure Improves the Efficacy of Benzalkonium Chloride against Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9090461"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husain, F.M., Zahra, A., Ali, A., Kamthan, M., Al-Shabib, N.A., Farooqui, Z., Ahmad, N., Albalawi, T., Alam, P., and Munawar, N. (2025). Bacteriophages and Their Enzymes: Allies Against Microbial Biofilms. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18121771"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00905-2","article-title":"Drug Delivery Strategies for Antibiofilm Therapy","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/6\/654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:24:42Z","timestamp":1781324682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/6\/654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v18060654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18060654","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}