{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:57:05Z","timestamp":1781261825579,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VETLAB network initiative of the Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture"},{"name":"Peaceful Uses Initiatives (PUI) by Japan and the United States of America"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus transmitted among dogs through direct or indirect contact with infected feces. The disease poses a significant risk to unvaccinated animals, particularly young dogs, where mortality rates can be high. Globally, three CPV genotypes (e.g., 2a, 2b, and 2c) are known to circulate, with all three detected in several African countries. However, no cases of CPV-2 have been reported in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire until now. In this study, 12 fecal swabs collected from young dogs were positive for CPV-2 by conventional PCR. Subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of positive amplicons revealed that three samples belonged to the CPV-2c genotype, while the remaining nine showed high similarity to a CPV-2c variant recently reported in Asia, and more specifically, Vietnam. Phylogeographic analysis indicates multiple introduction pathways of the virus into C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. This study represents the first documented report of CPV-2 in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and will be of interest to those working in the field of canine health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T09:49:51Z","timestamp":1781257791000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canine Parvovirus Asian Type 2 Variant C (CPV-2c) Detected in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7222-7712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristide A.","family":"Zobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Central V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Bingerville (LCV), Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vessaly","family":"Kallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction des Services V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires (DSV), Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u2019guessan F.","family":"Diobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Como\u00e9 C. D.","family":"N\u2019guessan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction Regionale, Minist\u00e8re des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques (MIRAH), Bouafle, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u2019Cho P.","family":"Asseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cabinet V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Zeudji d\u2019Adzope, Adzope, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lou S. A.","family":"Kouassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Central V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Bingerville (LCV), Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouachi C. A.","family":"Asseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nouvelle de Produits V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, 18 BP 2863, Abidjan 18, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coulibaly T. R.","family":"Tiecoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Central V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Bingerville (LCV), Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve L.","family":"Acapovi-Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFR Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles E.","family":"Lamien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G.","family":"Dundon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO\/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Franzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.09.007","article-title":"Canine Parvovirus-A Review of Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects, with Emphasis on Type 2c","volume":"155","author":"Decaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001212","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae","volume":"100","author":"Cotmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Cui, K., Su, X., Zhang, H., Xiao, B., Li, S., and Yang, B. (2025). Overview of Recent Advances in Canine Parvovirus Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010047"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101765","article-title":"Canine Parvovirology\u2014A Brief Updated Review on Structural Biology, Occurrence, Pathogenesis, Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention","volume":"82","author":"Tuteja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000540","article-title":"Canine Parvovirus: The Worldwide Occurrence of Antigenic Variants","volume":"97","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-12-3021","article-title":"Evidence for Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Italy","volume":"82","author":"Buonavoglia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.12.6544-6552.1991","article-title":"Rapid Antigenic-Type Replacement and DNA Sequence Evolution of Canine Parvovirus","volume":"65","author":"Parrish","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02611-14","article-title":"Global Displacement of Canine Parvovirus by a Host-Adapted Variant: Structural Comparison between Pandemic Viruses with Distinct Host Ranges","volume":"89","author":"Organtini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.09.021","article-title":"Molecular Insight into Italian Canine Parvovirus Heterogeneity and Comparison with the Worldwide Scenario","volume":"66","author":"Tucciarone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"239","article-title":"Antigenic and Genetic Analysis of Canine Parvoviruses in Southern Africa","volume":"65","author":"Steinel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"313","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Survey of Sympatric Domestic and Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Tsumkwe District, North-Eastern Namibia","volume":"64","author":"Laurenson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.04.005","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Canine Parvovirus in Morocco","volume":"41","author":"Amrani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000198","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2016-000198","article-title":"Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2) Variants Circulating in Nigerian Dogs","volume":"3","author":"Apaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Open"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.04.022","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of the VP2-Encoding Gene of Canine Parvovirus Strains from Africa","volume":"165","author":"Dogonyaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-018-0475-z","article-title":"Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Parvovirus-2 Isolates in Dogs Revealed Circulation of Three Subtypes in Nigeria","volume":"29","author":"Fagbohun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4068-3","article-title":"First Genetic Detection and Characterization of Canine Parvovirus from Diarrheic Dogs in Zambia","volume":"164","author":"Kapiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104553","article-title":"Molecular Characterisation of Canine Parvoviruses from Clinical Samples and Vaccines in Nigeria","volume":"85","author":"Shima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104996","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Canine Parvovirus Variants Circulating in Nigeria","volume":"94","author":"Tion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0314-1","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Canine Parvovirus-2 Variants Circulating in Tunisia","volume":"38","author":"Touihri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.326-333","article-title":"Genotyping and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Parvovirus Circulating in Egypt","volume":"13","author":"Zaher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13283","article-title":"Spreading of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c Mutants of Asian Origin in Southern Italy","volume":"66","author":"Mira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.12.009","article-title":"Continuing Evolution of Canine Parvovirus in China: Isolation of Novel Variants with an Ala5Gly Mutation in the VP2 Protein","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13811","article-title":"Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Vietnamese Canine Parvovirus 2C Originated from Dogs Reveals a New Asia-IV Clade","volume":"68","author":"Piewbang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101901","article-title":"Emergence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c (CPV-2c) of Asian Origin in Domestic Dogs in Myanmar","volume":"90\u201391","author":"Mon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Tang, N., Zhu, J., Wang, M., Liu, Y., and Lyu, Y. (2022). Molecular Characteristics and Genetic Evolutionary Analyses of Circulating Parvoviruses Derived from Cats in Beijing. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03281-w"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzo, G., Mira, F., Schir\u00f2, G., and Canuti, M. (2023). Not Asian Anymore: Reconstruction of the History, Evolution, and Dispersal of the \u201cAsian\u201d Lineage of CPV-2c. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091962"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13501","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Canine Parvovirus Type 2c from Domestic Dogs in Korea","volume":"67","author":"Moon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105447","article-title":"Estimation of Dog Population and Dog Bite Risk Factors in Departments of San Pedro and Bouake in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"206","author":"Kallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrino, M., Tassoni, L., Campalto, M., Cavicchio, L., Mion, M., Corr\u00f2, M., Natale, A., and Beato, M.S. (2022). Molecular Investigation of Recent Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) in Italy Revealed Distinct Clustering. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050917"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp163","article-title":"Biopython: Freely Available Python Tools for Computational Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics","volume":"25","author":"Cock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. (Outlines Version 7)","volume":"30","author":"Kazutaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02751-x","article-title":"BEAST X for Bayesian Phylogenetic, Phylogeographic and Phylodynamic Inference","volume":"22","author":"Baele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","article-title":"JModelTest 2: More Models, New Heuristics and Parallel Computing","volume":"9","author":"Darriba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040088","article-title":"Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating with Confidence","volume":"4","author":"Drummond","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz172","article-title":"Bayesian Estimation of Past Population Dynamics in BEAST 1.10 Using the Skygrid Coalescent Model","volume":"36","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemey, P., Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., and Suchard, M.A. (2009). Bayesian Phylogeography Finds Its Roots. PLoS Comput. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000520"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw082","article-title":"SpreaD3: Interactive Visualization of Spatiotemporal History and Trait Evolutionary Processes","volume":"33","author":"Bielejec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrou\u0161kov\u00e1, P., Pelegrinov\u00e1, A., Laz\u00e1r, J., Lipinsk\u00fd, J., Dr\u00e1\u017eovsk\u00e1, M., Proke\u0161, M., Koryt\u00e1r, \u013d., Vojtek, B., Kosti\u010d\u00e1k, M., and Moln\u00e1r, L. (2025). Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and European Badgers (Meles meles) as Overlooked Wildlife Hosts of Canine Parvovirus in Slovakia: First Evidence by Molecular Characterization and Virus Isolation. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13102325"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02428-12","article-title":"Frequent Cross-Species Transmission of Parvoviruses among Diverse Carnivore Hosts","volume":"87","author":"Allison","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canuti, M., Whitney, H.G., and Lang, A.S. (2015). Amdoparvoviruses in Small Mammals: Expanding Our Understanding of Parvovirus Diversity, Distribution, and Pathology. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01119"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"361","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Canine Parvovirus from Domestic Dogs in Nigeria: Introduction and Spread of a CPV-2c Mutant and Replacement of Older CPV-2a by the \u201cNew CPV-2a\u201d Strain","volume":"32","author":"Ndiana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105780","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Canine Parvovirus in Namibia: Introduction Pathways and Local Persistence","volume":"209","author":"Franzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2026, May 06). Five Decades of Vietnam\u2013C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire Friendship. Available online: https:\/\/en.vietnamplus.vn\/five-decades-of-vietnam-cote-divoire-friendship-post329859.vnp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.3.594","article-title":"Parvovirus Infections in Wild Carnivores","volume":"37","author":"Steinel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02220-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02220-18","article-title":"Carnivore Parvovirus Ecology in the Serengeti Ecosystem: Vaccine Strains Circulating and New Host Species Identified","volume":"93","author":"Calatayud","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-024-01768-5","article-title":"Ecological Determinants of Spotted Hyena Crocuta crocuta Occupancy in Como\u00e9 National Park, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"70","author":"Aglissi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horion, R., Aglissi, J., Pickles, R., Ouattara, A., and Drouilly, M. (2025). Fading Roars? A Survey of the Cultural Use and Illegal Trade in Wild Felid Body Parts in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030451"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/6\/661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:00:34Z","timestamp":1781258434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/6\/661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v18060661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18060661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}