{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:31:17Z","timestamp":1793395877365,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009087","name":"Universidad Industrial de Santander","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009087","name":"Universidad Industrial de Santander","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPIN 2020000100536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPIN 2020000100536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["3738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3738"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xc1d948","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BPIN 2020000100536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPIN 2020000100536"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xc1d948","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are major causes of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) worldwide. The circulation of both RSV and RV was notably altered during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzed the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of RSV and RV in Santander, Colombia, during the pandemic period (PP, 2020\u20132021) and the post-pandemic period (PPP, 2023\u20132024). A total of 921 respiratory samples from patients with ARIs were screened for RSV-A\/B and RV. Sequences of the RSV attachment glycoprotein (G) gene and the RV VP4\u2013VP2 region were analyzed in positive samples. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the study population were also assessed. RSV was not detected during PP, whereas RV was detected in 4.8% of samples. During PPP, RSV-A, RSV-B, and RV were detected in 5.6%, 4.4%, and 28.0% of samples, respectively. RSV infections were mainly identified in children, while RV was detected across all age groups. RSV-A sequences grouped within seven A.D-derived lineages (A.D.1.5, A.D.1.7, A.D.1.8, A.D.3.2, A.D.3.3, A.D.5.1, A.D.5.2), whereas RSV-B sequences clustered within the B.D.E.1 lineage. RV showed a higher number of detected genotypes during the PPP than during the PP. The genotypic characterization performed in this study provides new insight into the molecular epidemiology of RSV and RV in Santander, Colombia, during PP and PPP, and represents, to our knowledge, the first regional description of RSV lineages and RV genotypes across these periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T09:49:51Z","timestamp":1781257791000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus in Santander, Colombia, During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Periods, 2020\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-710X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Fernando","family":"Chaparro-Pico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular (GIEM), Escuela de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular (GIEM), Escuela de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anyela","family":"Lozano-Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Niederbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Pediatr\u00eda (PAID\u00d3S), Departamento de Pediatr\u00eda, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6295-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Demograf\u00eda, Salud P\u00fablica y Sistemas de Salud (GUINDESS), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Sosa \u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Pediatr\u00eda (PAID\u00d3S), Departamento de Pediatr\u00eda, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra Alejandra","family":"Machuca P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular (GIEM), Escuela de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Luc\u00eda","family":"D\u00edaz Galvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular (GIEM), Escuela de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Calle 9 Carrera 27, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurskaya, O., Ryabichenko, T., Leonova, N., Shi, W., Bi, H., Sharshov, K., Kazachkova, E., Sobolev, I., Prokopyeva, E., and Kartseva, T. 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