{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:50:27Z","timestamp":1785858627797,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP26194759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26194759"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cervical cancer remains a major public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The primary cause of cervical cancer is high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), and screening using physician-collected samples is complicated by stigma, inconvenience, and access. There are non-invasive alternatives to the physician-collected samples, including self-sampling methods such as first-void urine and vaginal swabs. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated and compared the diagnostic accuracy of vaginal and urine self-sample methods for detecting high-risk HPV. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 2015 and October 2025. Bivariate random-effects models and HSROC models were used to estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity results compared with clinician-collected samples for CIN2+. Meta-regression assessed sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-two studies involving over 9000 participants were included. Vaginal self-sampling showed a pooled sensitivity of 91.3% and a specificity of 86.9%, while urine self-sampling showed 86.9% sensitivity and 79.5% specificity. Vaginal swabs demonstrated higher sensitivity in head-to-head comparisons. DNA-based PCR assays showed higher sensitivity than mRNA-based tests, and room-temperature storage decreased urine sample sensitivity. Both methods are effective for high-risk HPV detection. Vaginal self-sampling showed superior performance, while urine self-sampling remains a valuable non-invasive option for under-screened populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:33:54Z","timestamp":1781768034000},"page":"681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine and Vaginal Self-Sampling for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9683-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Altynshash","family":"Rakhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulzhanat","family":"Aimagambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Department of Women\u2019s Health, Corporate Fund University Medical Center, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Cancer Observatory (2025). 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