{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T06:48:07Z","timestamp":1782370087514,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ningxia Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025AAC020047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AAC020047"]}]},{"name":"National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention of China","award":["2024018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to characterize HIV-1 genotypes, assess drug resistance, and analyze molecular transmission networks in Zhongwei City to inform prevention strategies. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated patients (2007\u20132024) with viral load \u2265 200 copies\/mL. HIV-1 pol was amplified by nested PCR; successful sequences were genotyped by maximum likelihood (ML) (IQ-TREE, TVM+F+I+G4, 1000 bootstrap). Drug resistance (DR) was interpreted using Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVDB) v9.0; detected mutations represent acquired drug resistance (ADR). Pairwise genetic distances (GD) (TN93 model) were calculated; transmission networks were constructed in Cytoscape 3.10.3. Results: 75 sequences were obtained. Males (84.00%), and heterosexual transmission (64.00%) predominated. CRF07_BC (46.67%) and CRF01_AE (38.67%) were the major subtypes; the overall ADR rate was 40.00%, mainly NNRTIs-associated (30.67% of all participants, including 16.00% single-class NNRTIs and 14.67% dual-class NRTIs-NNRTIs). Network inclusion rate was 40.00% of the 75 sequences; CRF07_BC showed higher betweenness centrality (p = 0.028), while CRF01_AE and CRF85_BC showed higher closeness centrality (p &lt; 0.001). Occupation significantly affected network enrollment (p \u2264 0.05). Conclusion: HIV-1 subtypes are diverse with high ADR. CRF07_BC may act as a transmission bridge, whereas CRF01_AE and CRF85_BC exhibit faster potential spread. Baseline DR testing and network-guided interventions are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18060685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acquired HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Molecular Transmission Networks in Zhongwei, Ningxia, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1866-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youping","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subinuer","family":"Mutalifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2223-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan 750011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongzhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan 750011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonglan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan 750011, China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, University of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, October 23). 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