{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:59:14Z","timestamp":1785416354949,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001827","name":"University of Amsterdam","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04dkp9463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gntjh03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Society University Research Fellowship","award":["URF\\R1\\180537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF\\R1\\180537"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RPG-2023-354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2023-354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RPG-2023-354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2023-354"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012mzw131","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NERC","award":["NE\/Y004256\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/Y004256\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine algal viruses exhibit a high level of diversity, and closely related viruses targeting the same algal host species can stably coexist. Here we report an example of a single virus\u2013host system concealing hidden complexity. We discovered two double stranded (ds) DNA viruses infecting the Arctic picophytoplankter Micromonas polaris coexisting in culture for over a decade. Genomic sequencing of the lysate originally characterized as MpoV-44T revealed that it comprises two distinct prasinoviruses with ~203\u2013204 kb genomes (MpoV-44T.A and MpoV-44T.B), of which conserved regions only accounted for 36% (the nucleotide level). The viruses were subsequently separated and compared at both genomic and phenotypic levels. In dual infection studies using a single host strain under nutrient-replete conditions, MpoV-44T.A outcompeted MpoV-44T.B. Yet MpoV-44T.B-like viruses were more abundant than MpoV-44T.A-like ones in natural Arctic metagenomes. This apparent paradox may be explained by differences in host strain specificity and\/or possible resilience to nutrient stress by MpoV-44T.B, which we hypothesize based on genomic data. This work unveils hidden virus diversity, illustrating that the dynamics of viral coexistence are not always easily predictable, and underscores the importance of studying the underlying mechanisms at play.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infection Dynamics and Coexistence of Two Novel Arctic Phytoplankton Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2732-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria L. N.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floris","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4772-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henk","family":"Bolhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Monier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina P. D.","family":"Brussaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Algal Bloom Viruses","volume":"2","author":"Brussaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01033-6","article-title":"Viral Lysis Modifies Seasonal Phytoplankton Dynamics and Carbon Flow in the Southern Ocean","volume":"15","author":"Biggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.130","article-title":"Latitudinal Variation in Virus-Induced Mortality of Phytoplankton across the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Mojica","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eich, C., Biggs, T.E.G., van de Poll, W.H., van Manen, M., Tian, H.-A., Jung, J., Lee, Y., Middag, R., and Brussaard, C.P.D. 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