{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:14:03Z","timestamp":1783660443504,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFD1301800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1301800"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Plan Program of Yunfu city","award":["2024090301, YF2025NYRC03 and 2024020101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024090301, YF2025NYRC03 and 2024020101"]}]},{"name":"the Fourth Round of Guangdong Provincial Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project","award":["2024CXTD15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD15"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Plan Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2023B1212070018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1212070018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) has re-emerged as one of the most important viral pathogens affecting modern poultry production worldwide. In China, the epidemiological landscape of ARV has undergone a substantial transformation over the past decade, characterized by increasing genotypic diversity, frequent genome reassortment, an expanding host range, and recurrent vaccine-breakthrough outbreaks. Growing evidence indicates that contemporary ARV populations evolve within a dynamic multispecies transmission network shaped by intensive poultry production, host adaptation, and vaccine-associated selective pressures. Recent molecular studies have revealed extensive genetic heterogeneity among circulating strains and highlighted the limitations of conventional \u03c3C-based classification systems for accurately describing viral evolution, pathogenicity, and antigenic diversity. Whole-genome analyses further demonstrate that reassortment among chicken-origin, duck-origin, and goose-origin orthoreoviruses plays a pivotal role in generating novel viral variants with altered biological properties. In parallel, accumulating evidence suggests that ARV exerts broad immunomodulatory effects through the disruption of innate antiviral signaling, impairment of lymphoid organ function, interference with vaccine responsiveness, and the enhancement of susceptibility to secondary infections. These findings indicate that ARV should be regarded not only as an arthrotropic pathogen but also as an important immunopathological agent influencing flock health and productivity. This review summarizes current knowledge of ARV in China, with an emphasis on molecular epidemiology, genomic evolution, reassortment mechanisms, transmission ecology, immune interference, vaccine escape, and integrated prevention strategies. Particular attention is given to the increasing importance of whole-genome surveillance, phylodynamic analysis, and multispecies epidemiological monitoring for understanding contemporary ARV evolution. Future perspectives involving structural vaccinology, precision immunization, metagenomics-assisted surveillance, and predictive evolutionary modeling are also discussed. Collectively, sustainable ARV control will likely require genome-informed and adaptive prevention frameworks integrating virology, immunology, epidemiology, and precision poultry management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Avian Orthoreovirus in China: Molecular Evolution, Transmission Ecology, Immune Modulation, and Integrated Control in the Genomic Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peier","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouyang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ermin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuanqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wen\u2019s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527400, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2307\/1593104","article-title":"The history of avian reovirus","volume":"44","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Studies On Chronic Respiratory Disease Of Chickens II. Isolation of A Virus","volume":"18","author":"Fahey","year":"1954","journal-title":"Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0731-1","article-title":"Detection and identification of avian, duck, and goose reoviruses by RT-PCR: Goose and duck reoviruses are part of the same genogroup in the genus Orthoreovirus","volume":"151","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/030794502100007187","article-title":"Reovirus identified as cause of disease in young geese","volume":"32","author":"Palya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nour, I., and Mohanty, S.K. (2024). Avian Reovirus: From Molecular Biology to Pathogenesis and Control. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121966"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2307\/1591119","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo characterization of avian reoviruses. II. clinical evaluation of chickens infected with two avian reovirus pathotypes","volume":"33","author":"Sterner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.014","article-title":"Current limitations in control of viral arthritis and tenosynovitis caused by avian reoviruses in commercial poultry","volume":"206","author":"Sellers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45494-4","article-title":"Genotypic Characterization of Emerging Avian Reovirus Genetic Variants in California","volume":"9","author":"Hauck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nour, I., Alvarez-Narvaez, S., Harrell, T.L., Conrad, S.J., and Mohanty, S.K. (2023). Whole Genomic Constellation of Avian Reovirus Strains Isolated from Broilers with Arthritis in North Carolina, USA. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112191"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14727","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14727","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011\u20132014","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02743-8","article-title":"Phenotypic, genotypic and antigenic characterization of emerging avian reoviruses isolated from clinical cases of arthritis in broilers in Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"7","author":"Ayalew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2024.2435895","article-title":"Isolation, identification and genetic variation analysis of avian orthoreovirus in commercial broilers in China from 2016 to 2021","volume":"54","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-65.3.346","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of Avian Reovirus Isolated from Chickens in Japan","volume":"65","author":"Mase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zheng, L., You, G., Dong, H., Chen, S., Wang, S., and Chen, S. (2026). Navigating the Complexity: Advancing Diagnostic Strategies for Avian Reovirus in Chinese Poultry. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040553"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafique, S., Rashid, F., Wei, Y., Zeng, T., Xie, L., and Xie, Z. (2024). Avian Orthoreoviruses: A Systematic Review of Their Distribution, Dissemination Patterns, and Genotypic Clustering. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071056"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"001761","article-title":"Avian reovirus: A furious and fast evolving pathogen","volume":"72","author":"Broadbent","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.45.4.483-501.1981","article-title":"Structure and function of the reovirus genome","volume":"45","author":"Joklik","year":"1981","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.19.3.968-976.1976","article-title":"Physical and chemical characterization of an avian reovirus","volume":"19","author":"Spandidos","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.46","article-title":"Reassortment in segmented RNA viruses: Mechanisms and outcomes","volume":"14","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1309","article-title":"Avian Reovirus Proteins Associated with Neutralization of Virus Infectivity","volume":"194","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0473","article-title":"Oligomerization and Cell-Binding Properties of the Avian Reovirus Cell-Attachment Protein sigmaC","volume":"274","author":"Grande","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-1-131","article-title":"Subunit composition and conformational stability of the oligomeric form of the avian reovirus cell-attachment protein \u03c3C","volume":"83","author":"Grande","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002067","article-title":"Classification of Dutch and German avian reoviruses by sequencing the sigma C protein","volume":"34","author":"Kant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzo, G., Tucciarone, C.M., Faustini, G., Poletto, F., Baston, R., Cecchinato, M., and Legnardi, M. (2024). Reconstruction of Avian Reovirus History and Dispersal Patterns: A Phylodynamic Study. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1527335"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Lu, X., Guo, X., Gong, X., Hu, F., Jiang, Y., Gao, Y., Ma, X., Li, Y., and Huang, B. (2025). Phylogenetic Analysis and Pathogenicity of Avian Reoviruses Isolated from Viral Arthritis Cases in China 2010\u20132024. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040307"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2025.2551119","article-title":"Pathogenicity disparities between two avian reovirus strains of the same genetic cluster","volume":"55","author":"Homonnay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01982-25","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01982-25","article-title":"Novel multigene molecular characterization of avian reovirus strains and associated embryonic pathogenicity","volume":"100","author":"Nour","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa025","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa025","article-title":"The dynamics of molecular evolution of emerging avian reoviruses through accumulation of point mutations and genetic re-assortment","volume":"6","author":"Ayalew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103269","article-title":"Identification, pathological, and genomic characterization of novel goose reovirus associated with liver necrosis in geese, China","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01470-7","article-title":"Genetics and biological characteristics of duck reoviruses isolated from ducks and geese in China","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01785-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01785-22","article-title":"Avian Reovirus \u03c3A Protein Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Abrogating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Activation","volume":"97","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103506","article-title":"IFI16 plays a critical role in avian reovirus induced cellular immunosuppression and suppresses virus replication","volume":"103","author":"Chengcheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199119","article-title":"PQBP1 regulates the cellular inflammation induced by avian reovirus and interacts with the viral p17 protein","volume":"332","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108880","article-title":"Synergistic pathogenicity in sequential coinfection with fowl adenovirus type 4 and avian orthoreovirus","volume":"251","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102996","article-title":"Synergistic pathogenicity of avian orthoreovirus and Staphylococcus aureus on SPF chickens","volume":"102","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v90i0.1970","article-title":"Molecular detection of Mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus infection in arthritis and tenosynovitis lesions of broiler and breeder chickens in Santa Catarina State, Brazil","volume":"90","author":"Reck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0087:EROMSW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Experimental reproduction of malabsorption syndrome with different combinations of reovirus, Escherichia coli, and treated homogenates obtained from broilers","volume":"46","author":"Songserm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, K., Pei, Y., Xue, J., Ruan, S., and Zhang, G. (2020). Development and Application of an MRT-qPCR Assay for Detecting Coinfection of Six Vertically Transmitted or Immunosuppressive Avian Viruses. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01581"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Yang, J., Li, L., Guo, Y., Yang, S., Su, Z., Zhao, S., Li, X., Lin, W., and Du, Y. (2025). Characterization and pathogenicity of a novel avian orthoreovirus in China. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1529351"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Zou, Z., Song, S., Liu, H., Gong, X., Li, B., Liu, P., Wang, Q., Liu, F., and Luan, D. (2023). Epidemiological Analysis of Avian Reovirus in China and Research on the Immune Protection of Different Genotype Strains from 2019 to 2020. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020485"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024992-0","article-title":"Rapid evolution of low-pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza viruses following poultry vaccination programmes","volume":"92","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.12.020","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Spain over a fourteen-year period","volume":"374","author":"Dolz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Luo, D., Gao, J., Li, K., Liu, C., Qi, X., Cui, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., and Wang, X. (2023). A Novel Variant of Avian Reovirus Is Pathogenic to Vaccinated Chickens. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091800"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, S., Wu, Z., Pan, S., Ma, T., Zhang, Y., Xu, B., Yan, D., Teng, Q., Yuan, C., and Pan, X. (2025). Genetic and Pathogenic Characteristics of Variant Avian Reovirus Strains Isolated from Diseased Chickens in China. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112450"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.067","article-title":"Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial S1 genes of avian orthoreovirus isolates in Shandong province during 2015\u20132017","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.09.034","article-title":"Structure of the Carboxy-terminal Receptor-binding Domain of Avian Reovirus Fibre SigmaC","volume":"354","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"530","article-title":"Avian Reoviruses of the Same Genotype Induce Different Pathology in Chickens","volume":"65","author":"Jerry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2023.2226081","article-title":"Co-circulation of multiple genotypes of ARV in poultry in Anhui, China","volume":"52","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03249","article-title":"Decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Gharaibeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14236","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new goose orthoreovirus causing liver and spleen focal necrosis in geese, China","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Qiao, H., Lv, Y., and Bian, C. (2023). Identification and molecular characterization of novel duck reoviruses in Henan Province, China. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1137967"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.08.029","article-title":"Detection of shared genes among Asian and European waterfowl reoviruses in the whole genome constellations","volume":"28","author":"Farkas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u0103lug\u0103ri\u021ba, G.-A., Luca, I., Gros, R.-V., C\u0103s\u0103lean, T.-M., Gavril\u0103, A., and Stancu, A. (2025). Reovirus Infections in Broiler Chickens: A Narrative Review. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111021"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199538","article-title":"Pathogenicity of avian reovirus variant in the immune organs of broiler chicks","volume":"353","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.09.005","article-title":"Avian reovirus: Structure and biology","volume":"123","author":"Benavente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.08.014","article-title":"Sequences of avian reovirus M1, M2 and M3 genes and predicted structure\/function of the encoded \u03bc proteins","volume":"116","author":"Noad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.01.002","article-title":"Genetic variation of the \u03bbA and \u03bbC protein encoding genes of avian reoviruses","volume":"83","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2025.105724","article-title":"The \u03c3NS protein of NDRV antagonizes TRIM59-mediated antiviral innate immune response of Cherry Valley duck","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.06.026","article-title":"Avian Reovirus Morphogenesis Occurs Within Viral Factories and Begins with the Selective Recruitment of \u03c3NS and \u03bbA to \u03bcNS Inclusions","volume":"341","author":"Benavente","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.3.1124-1131.2000","article-title":"Possible Involvement of the Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Core Protein \u03c2A in the Resistance of Avian Reovirus to Interferon","volume":"74","author":"Vakharia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.1.59-64.1997","article-title":"Protein architecture of avian reovirus S1133 and identification of the cell attachment protein","volume":"71","author":"Grande","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.07.009","article-title":"Development of ELISA kits for antibodies against avian reovirus using the \u03c3C and \u03c3B proteins expressed in the methyltropic yeast Pichia pastoris","volume":"163","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.008","article-title":"Baculovirus surface display of \u03c3C and \u03c3B proteins of avian reovirus and immunogenicity of the displayed proteins in a mouse model","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103370","article-title":"Research Note: Genetic characterization and pathogenicity of an epidemic variant strain of avian reovirus","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Li, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, M., Yin, B., Li, C., Zhang, L., Hua, D., Liu, J., and Zheng, X. (2026). Characterization of a Goose-Origin Avian Orthoreovirus with Interferon Suppression Activity. Viruses, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040447"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.11.5027-5035.2001","article-title":"Avian Reovirus Major \u03bc-Class Outer Capsid Protein Influences Efficiency of Productive Macrophage Infection in a Virus Strain-Specific Manner","volume":"75","author":"Patrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19004-0","article-title":"Evidence that avian reovirus \u03c3A protein is an inhibitor of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase","volume":"84","author":"Esteban","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109601","article-title":"Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of two novel\/recombinant avian orthoreovirus","volume":"275","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36960","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36960","article-title":"Lineage diversification, homo- and heterologous reassortment and recombination shape the evolution of chicken orthoreoviruses","volume":"6","author":"Farkas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109094","article-title":"Discovery of a novel recombinant avian orthoreovirus in China","volume":"260","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90979-w","article-title":"Novel duck reovirus exhibits pathogenicity to specific pathogen-free chickens by the subcutaneous route","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1237","article-title":"Avian reovirus infections","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. L\u2019oie"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945031000121176","article-title":"The survival of avian reoviruses on materials associated with the poultry house environment","volume":"32","author":"Savage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459408419037","article-title":"Early pathogenesis in chicks of infection with a trypsin-sensitive avian reovirus","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31032-4","article-title":"Localisation of avian reovirus in the hock joints of chicks after entry through broken skin","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110710","article-title":"Evidence for vertical transmission of avian reovirus in chickens","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2307\/1588960","article-title":"Experimental egg-transmission of avian reovirus","volume":"19","author":"Menendez","year":"1975","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458508436239","article-title":"Reisolation of avian arthrotropic reovirus R2 from chicks infected as embryos","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"1985","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459608419156","article-title":"Egg transmission of avian reoviruses in chickens: Comparison of a trypsin-sensitive and a trypsin-resistant strain","volume":"25","author":"Savage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108861","article-title":"Evidence of vertical transmission of novel duck orthoreovirus in ducks","volume":"251","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13252","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a variant duck orthoreovirus causing spleen necrosis in Peking ducks, China","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of a Goose-origin Muscovy Duck Reovirus Causing White Pinhead Necrotic Foci on Liver and Spleen in Geese","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fujian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkas, S.L., Lanszki, Z., Malik, Y.S., Martella, V., Palya, V., and B\u00e1nyai, K. (2025). Update on Reovirus Infections in Waterfowls. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15203053"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Progress on immune evasion mechanisms of avian orthoreovirus","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effect of chicken anaemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus and avian reovirus infection on immune status of commercial poultry flocks under field conditions","volume":"63","author":"Andrabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haryana Vet."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Chen, Y., Yang, S., Xu, Y., Li, X., Wang, Z., Yin, L., and Lin, W. (2026). Molecular Characterization of Pathogenic Avian Reovirus Circulating in Clinically Affected Chickens in Southeastern China (2022\u20132023) and Its Immunosuppressive Interference with Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Vaccination. Microorganisms, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030676"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, J., Li, M., Long, Y., Yang, S., Lyu, C., Li, J., Huo, G., Xie, E., Liu, Y., and Xu, Y. (2026). Assessment of Immunological Interference Between Live Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Avian Reovirus Vaccines in SPF Chickens. Animals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040690"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrone-Garcia, V.M., Gonzalez-Soto, J., Lopez-Arellano, R., Delgadillo-Gonzalez, M., Valdes-Narvaez, V.M., Alba-Hurtado, F., Hernandez-Velasco, X., Castellanos-Huerta, I., and Tellez-Isaias, G. (2021). Evaluation of Avian Reovirus S1133 Vaccine Strain in Neonatal Broiler Chickens in Gastrointestinal Integrity and Performance in a Large-Scale Commercial Field Trial. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080817"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101660","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of the chicken tracheal and splenic response to virulent Mycoplasma synoviae","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-22-99993","article-title":"Incidence and Economic Impact of Reovirus in the Poultry Industries in the United States","volume":"66","author":"French","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1600656","article-title":"Pathogenicity and genomic characterization of a novel avian orthoreovius variant isolated from a vaccinated broiler flock in China","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Li, W., Liu, Z., Zuo, Z., Dang, X., Gao, H., Meng, Q., Yang, L., Wang, Y., and Zhang, S. (2025). Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of an Avian Reovirus Epidemic Strain in Xinjiang, China. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040499"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-22-99991","article-title":"Field Control of Avian Reoviruses in Commercial Broiler Production","volume":"66","author":"Gamble","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayalew, L.E., Popowich, S., Chow-Lockerbie, B., Gautam, H., Subhasinghe, I., Ahmed, K.A., Tikoo, S.K., Ojkic, D., and Gomis, S. (2023). Development of a multivalent adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against variant arthrotropic avian reoviruses. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1209597"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saikia, D.P., Yadav, K., Pathak, D.C., Ramamurthy, N., D\u2019Silva, A.L., Marriappan, A.K., Ramakrishnan, S., Vakharia, V.N., Chellappa, M.M., and Dey, S. (2019). Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing Sigma C Protein of Avian Reovirus (ARV) Protects against Both ARV and NDV in Chickens. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030145"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, L., Zhong, L., Liu, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Cui, H., Qi, X., Zhang, J., Xu, J., and Wang, S. (2024). Construction of recombinant Marek\u2019s disease virus co-expressing \u03c3B and \u03c3C of avian reoviruses. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1461116"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.036","article-title":"Optimized polypeptide for a subunit vaccine against avian reovirus","volume":"34","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.151095","article-title":"Nanovaccine based on chitosan oligosaccharide-polyethyleneimine packaged circRNA encoding sigma C proteins elicits protective immunity against novel duck reovirus in ducks","volume":"351","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzouk, E., and Alajaji, A.I. (2025). Preventive Immunology for Livestock and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in the One Health Era: From Mechanistic Insights to Innovative Interventions. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12101014"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014A new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-22-99990","article-title":"Avian Reoviruses from Clinical Cases of Tenosynovitis: An Overview of Diagnostic Approaches and 10-Year Review of Isolations and Genetic Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Sellers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103940","article-title":"Continuous surveillance of pathogens detects excretion of avian orthoreovirus and parvovirus by several wild waterfowl: Possible wild bird reservoirs","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/7\/728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:30:09Z","timestamp":1783657809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/7\/728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v18070728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18070728","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]}}}