{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:56:59Z","timestamp":1785430619480,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32302250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302250"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Starting Research Fund from Shanghai Customs College","award":["kyqd202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kyqd202212"]}]},{"award":["kyqd202212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kyqd202212"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01agvej60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"General Administration of Customs Project","award":["2025HK106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HK106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of foodborne viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet its persistence in foods is still commonly interpreted through a simplified framework of contamination and residual survival. Accumulating evidence indicates that HuNoV persistence in food systems may be shaped by dynamic, genotype-dependent interactions with multiple classes of candidate ligands and retention mechanisms associated with hosts, food matrices, and microbiota. This review synthesizes current advances in the molecular basis and ecological consequences of these interactions, with emphasis on canonical and non-canonical glycans, HBGA-like substances, proteinaceous ligands, and bacterial surface or matrix-associated components. Structural, biophysical, and food-model studies collectively suggest that such factors may modulate capsid engagement, tissue retention, bioaccumulation, environmental stability, and, in some experimental systems, infectivity-related outcomes in representative matrices including leafy vegetables, bivalve mollusks, and bacteria-rich food environments. This multi-ligand perspective helps explain the matrix-dependent limitations of conventional washing, depuration, disinfection, and nucleic acid-based detection, as well as the frequent disconnect between measured viral signals and actual transmission risk. By linking molecular recognition to real food scenarios, this review highlights a shift from single-receptor and single-treatment perspectives toward mechanism-informed detection, risk assessment, and intervention strategies. A more integrated understanding of virus-ligand-matrix-microbiota interactions will be essential for improving the prediction and control of HuNoV foodborne transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:41:38Z","timestamp":1782909698000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Ligand Interactions Shape Human Norovirus Persistence, Transmission, and Control in Food Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zilei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Customs Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Customs University, Shanghai 201204, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junshan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuchong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3260-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danlei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P.R. China, Shanghai 200335, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9131-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, S.M., Fischer-Walker, C.L., Lanata, C.F., Devleesschauwer, B., Hall, A.J., Kirk, M.D., Duarte, A.S.R., Black, R.E., and Angulo, F.J. (2015). Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food. 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