{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:46:43Z","timestamp":1785422803779,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan","award":["202549CE340077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202549CE340077"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010617","name":"Dali University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FZ2023ZD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2023ZD029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010617","name":"Dali University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FZ2024YB004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2024YB004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010617","name":"Dali University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FZ2025YB056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2025YB056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["FZ2023ZD029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2023ZD029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y7rck89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FZ2024YB004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2024YB004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y7rck89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FZ2025YB056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2025YB056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y7rck89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inherent genomic plasticity of RNA viruses, particularly influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, poses a major obstacle to the establishment of durable herd immunity. This challenge is further compounded by immune imprinting, whereby prior antigenic exposures bias subsequent responses toward previously encountered epitopes at the expense of effective recognition of antigenically drifted variants. In this review, we delineate the mechanistic basis of immune imprinting, with emphasis on the competitive dominance of cross-reactive memory B cells (MBCs). We discuss how the rapid \u201cback-boosting\u201d of these pre-existing clones can limit de novo priming of na\u00efve B cells\u2014through epitope masking and competition for antigen and T follicular helper cell support\u2014thereby diverting germinal center selection and affinity maturation away from variant-specific de novo epitopes and promoting viral immune escape. To address this challenge, this article further reviews the characteristics of immune imprinting responses in influenza viruses, coronaviruses, and dengue virus, as well as corresponding countermeasures, providing a theoretical basis and new avenues for intervention to address immune imprinting induced by rapidly mutating RNA viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:01:08Z","timestamp":1783346468000},"page":"745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of Immunological Imprinting by RNA Viruses and Intervention Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Siyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Science), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education\/National Health Commission\/Chinese Academy of Medical Science), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1695-z","article-title":"Common and unique features of viral RNA-dependent polymerases","volume":"71","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. 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