{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:33:24Z","timestamp":1789425204234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Simbios Biotecnologia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development from Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303647\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303647\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["303647\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303647\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a pathogen that causes Gumboro disease in young chickens. Vaccine strains and field IBDV genotypes are disseminated in chickens from commercial poultry farms worldwide. This study aimed to detect the field IBDV genotypic diversity in poultry farms in Latin America, mainly in Brazil. Bursal samples from 69 broiler flocks in eleven Latin American countries were obtained between 2015 and 2025. All 69 samples tested were positive for IBDV; the VP2 (segment A) and VP1 (segment B) genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic and amino acid substitution analyses were performed with large genetic datasets, including previously identified IBDV genotypes worldwide. The results revealed four A (A1, A2, A3, and A4) and three B (B1, B2, and the candidate B6) genogroups in Latin America. Furthermore, genotypes A1B1 (1.4%), A2B1 (59.4%), A3B2 (20.3%), A3B6 (2.9%), and A4B1 (15.9%) were identified. A2B1 could be subdivided into A2aB1a (24.4%), A2bB1a (29.3%), A2dB1b (19.5%), and A2eB1a (26.8%). In Brazil, the field genotypes A3B2, A4B1, and A3B6 were demonstrated. These findings highlight an important IBDV genotypic diversity in Latin American countries and reinforce the need for continuous molecular surveillance to support control and vaccination programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:01:08Z","timestamp":1783346468000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Genotypic Diversity from Poultry in Latin America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5598-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilo","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1615-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di\u00e9ssy","family":"Kipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Salvador Kazantzi","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4012-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vagner Ricardo","family":"Lunge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayne, D.E., Boulianne, M., Logue, C.M., McDougald, L.R., Nair, V., and Suarez, D.L. (2020). Infectious bursal disease. Diseases of Poultry, John Wiley & Sons. [14th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.08.005","article-title":"Research on infectious bursal disease\u2014The past, the present and the future","volume":"97","author":"Islam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-24-00095","article-title":"The history of infectious bursal disease: The second period between 1977 and 2005","volume":"69","author":"Rautenschlein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001185","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Birnaviridae","volume":"100","author":"Delmas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veab084","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veab084","article-title":"Mammalian birnaviruses identified in pigs infected by classical swine fever virus","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1506092","article-title":"A proposed nomenclature for infectious bursal disease virus isolates","volume":"47","author":"Jackwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2307\/1592483","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity in the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease viruses detected in commercially reared chickens","volume":"42","author":"Jackwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Wang, X., Gao, Y., and Qi, X. (2022). The over-40-years epidemic of infectious bursal disease virus in China. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102253"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458008418423","article-title":"Isolation and serological studies with infectious bursal disease viruses from fowl, turkeys and ducks: Demonstration of a second serotype","volume":"9","author":"McFerran","year":"1980","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2307\/1592154","article-title":"Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease viruses","volume":"41","author":"Jackwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1592968","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Brazilian infectious bursal disease viruses","volume":"45","author":"Ikuta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2021.1873245","article-title":"A unified genotypic classification of infectious bursal disease virus based on both genome segments","volume":"50","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2012.661403","article-title":"Current status of vaccines against infectious bursal disease","volume":"41","author":"Mundt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wu, J., Jiang, N., Liang, Q., Liu, R., Fu, Q., Fu, G., Wei, T., Wan, C., and Cheng, L. (2025). Advances in infectious bursal disease virus vaccines\u2014A review. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122801"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1637\/10053-010912-ResNote.1","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic evidence of homologous recombination in infectious bursal disease viruses","volume":"56","author":"Jackwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1637\/8531-112808-Reg.1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Brazilian infectious bursal disease virus isolated from 1997 to 2005","volume":"53","author":"Fernandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000300024","article-title":"Partial VP1 sequencing of Brazilian infectious bursal disease virus strains","volume":"43","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.09.005","article-title":"Tracking the molecular epidemiology of Brazilian infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.04.020","article-title":"Phylodynamic analyses of Brazilian antigenic variants of infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"73","author":"Coltro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfx043","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic survey of infectious bursal disease viruses in broiler farms raised under different vaccination programs","volume":"27","author":"Muniz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2449-4","article-title":"Molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolated in Argentina indicates a regional lineage","volume":"160","author":"Vera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1572867","article-title":"Antigenicity, pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effect caused by a South American isolate of infectious bursal disease virus belonging to the \u201cdistinct\u201d genetic lineage","volume":"48","author":"Marandino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09956-x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease virus isolated in Chile reveals several mutations in VP2 coding region and a reassortment in its genome","volume":"46","author":"Vidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103623","article-title":"Research note: Characterization and phylodynamic analysis of new infectious bursal disease virus variants circulating in Argentina","volume":"103","author":"Jaton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1diz, L., Guzm\u00e1n, M., Rivera, P., Navarrete, F., Torres, P., and Hidalgo, H. (2025). First isolation, molecular identification, and phylogenetic characterization of A3B5 very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in pullets in Chile. Microbiol. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16020031"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2024.2355918","article-title":"Genomic characterization of infectious bursal disease virus in Argentina provides evidence of the recent transcontinental spread of Chinese genotype A2dB1b","volume":"53","author":"Techera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(20)63424-4","article-title":"An improved scheme for infectious bursal disease virus genotype classification based on both genome segments A and B","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W232","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw256","article-title":"W-IQ-TREE: A fast online phylogenetic tool for maximum likelihood analysis","volume":"44","author":"Trifinopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/42.2.182","article-title":"An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"42","author":"Hillis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2832","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14634","article-title":"Analysis of the global origin, evolution and transmission dynamics of the emerging novel variant IBDV (A2dB1b): The accumulation of critical aa-residue mutations and commercial trade contributes to the emergence and transmission of novel variants","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3500-4","article-title":"Classification of infectious bursal disease virus into genogroups","volume":"162","author":"Michel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01061-15","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01061-15","article-title":"Genome sequence of a distinct infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"3","author":"Marandino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450050045431","article-title":"Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: A review","volume":"29","author":"Berg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1025696","article-title":"Genetic characterization of South American infectious bursal disease virus reveals the existence of a distinct worldwide-spread genetic lineage","volume":"44","author":"Marandino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13453","article-title":"Origin and global spreading of an ancestral lineage of the infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"67","author":"Marandino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/7\/746\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:03:35Z","timestamp":1783346615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/7\/746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v18070746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18070746","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}}}