{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:19:44Z","timestamp":1783937984630,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Sudan","award":["SUD\/TCP\/3504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUD\/TCP\/3504"]}]},{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Republic of Sudan, Sudanese Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research","award":["MOHE-SRI-2017-972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHE-SRI-2017-972"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple outbreaks with high mortality rates and a pattern of disease occurrence similar to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) were observed in sheep and goats across many states of Sudan between 2015 and 2018. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and identify the cause of these disease outbreaks. A total of 276 blood and lung tissue samples were collected from infected sheep (n = 223) and goats (n = 53). Sample analysis in an IC-ELISA revealed the presence of the PPRV antigen in 56.9% of sheep and 62.3% of goat samples. Twenty-seven [sheep (18) and goats (9)] PPRV-positive samples from IC-ELISA were subsequently confirmed positive using the PPRV N-gene-based RT-PCR. Two PPR viruses were isolated from infected small ruminant lung tissues in Vero cells. The partial N-gene sequences for five PPRV strains originating from sheep and goats were determined. Phylogenetic tree grouped PPRV strains identified in this study in lineage IV in sub-lineage NEA (North\u2013East Africa), with the highest sequence identity observed with strains circulating in North African countries. This study and earlier published phylogenetic analysis and patterns of animal movements suggest that the transboundary transmission of PPRV lineage IV strains between East and North African countries has been happening since 2008 and established a new North\u2013East Africa episystem that needs to be disrupted for the successful global eradication of PPR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1783936269000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Lineage IV Peste des Petits Ruminants Viruses in Sudan Isolated from Outbreaks Between 2015 and 2018 Suggests the Existence of the North\u2013East Africa Episystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rayan M.","family":"Asil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum-North P.O. Box 204, Sudan"},{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Virology Department, Khartoum P.O. Box 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Bataille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ludlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert D. M. E.","family":"Osterhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelgadir","family":"Ballal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Viral Vaccine Production Department, Khartoum P.O. Box 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma O.","family":"Abdelgadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Virology Department, Khartoum P.O. Box 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzdalifa A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Virology Department, Khartoum P.O. Box 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4132-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahia H.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Virology Department, Khartoum P.O. Box 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saafass","family":"Alsarraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Viral Vaccine Production Department, Khartoum P.O. Box 8067, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Njeumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satya","family":"Parida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, London AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6224-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nussieba A.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum-North P.O. Box 204, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"935","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants","volume":"9","author":"Diallo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. (Int. Off. Epizoot.)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.009","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants","volume":"181","author":"Parida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WOAH (2022). Peste des petits ruminants (Infection with peste des petits ruminants virus). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Office International des Epizooties (OIE). [12th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.08.09_PPR.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Roeder, P.L., and Obi, T.U. (1999). 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