{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:03:53Z","timestamp":1784192633704,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Transboundary notifiable infectious viral diseases, such as lumpy skin disease (LSD), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), continue to severely disrupt Europe\u2019s animal health and welfare, food security, and the multi-burdened livestock sector. (2) Methods: Through an extensive literature search, with data collected from the scientific literature, outbreak notifications, and European Union (EU) policy reports, this study synthesises evidence on the economic and societal impacts of preventive mass vaccination compared with stamping out for listed viral animal diseases in Europe. (3) Results: Evidence from LSD, HPAI, and FMD indicates that preventive vaccination reduces outbreak size, duration, and associated economic losses, particularly in high-risk and endemic settings. For LSD, vaccination is essential in eradication, as culling alone fails. For HPAI, evolving epidemiology supports vaccination-to-live strategies. In contrast, for FMD, despite epidemiological benefits of vaccination, the maintenance of FMD-free status without vaccination remains the dominant policy objective, constraining adoption of vaccination-to-live due to trade implications. (4) Conclusions: Overall, findings support the following recommendations: shifting toward preventive vaccination tailored by country and disease, prioritising vaccine-to-live strategies within a harmonised regulatory framework, and strengthening differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA)-based surveillance and trade-compatible frameworks, all sensible approaches to protect animal welfare and economic stability in Europe\u2019s livestock sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1784189314000},"page":"777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulatory Implications and Control Measures for Lumpy Skin Disease, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, and Foot-and-Mouth Disease in European Livestock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO (Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos), InBIO (Rede de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva), Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EVERI (European Veterinarians in Education, Research and Industry), 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Busin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry and Production, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3514-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jobke","family":"Van Hout-van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pig Health Department, Royal GD, 7418 EZ Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7926-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, German Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Tarlinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"De Briyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE), 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9639-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiebke","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE), 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.04.013","article-title":"Transboundary animal diseases as re-emerging threats\u2014Impact on one health","volume":"36","author":"Havas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. 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