{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:47:26Z","timestamp":1785422846246,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1401200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1401200"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LTGN24C140002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTGN24C140002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQK26C010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQK26C010002"]}]},{"award":["LTGN24C140002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTGN24C140002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LQK26C010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQK26C010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hosta ventricosa, also known as blue plantain lily, is an important traditional herbal medicinal and ornamental plant in China. Prior to this study, no virus has been reported to infect H. ventricosa plants. Based on RNA-seq, transmission electron microscopy, and RT-PCR analyses, we have demonstrated that the H. ventricosa plant showing leaf chlorosis, mottle, mosaic, and crinkling symptoms was co-infected with hosta virus X (HVX) and a novel luteovirus, which we tentatively named hosta ventricosa luteovirus (HVLV). The genome of HVLV is a 5723 nt long, positive-sense, and single-stranded RNA with seven open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid (aa) sequence of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) revealed that HVLV is clustered within the genus Luteovirus. The HVLV RdRp shares 9.75\u201345.17% aa sequence identity with the 14 closely related luteoviruses. The P1\u20132 and P3\u20135 proteins of HVLV were identified as potential viral pathogenicity determinants through the PVX heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Moreover, P2, P5 and P3\u20135 proteins of HVLV have been found to exhibit RNA silencing suppression activities. Additionally, we have successfully constructed an infectious cDNA clone of HVLV and uncovered that this infectious cDNA clone can infect N. benthamiana plants through agroinfiltration. These findings have expanded our understanding of luteoviruses and their host range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:44:02Z","timestamp":1784544242000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and Characterization of a Novel Luteovirus Infecting Hosta ventricosa Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Liyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lele","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongkun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Life Sciences Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Life Sciences Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113323","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicological aspects of the genus Hosta (Liliaceae): A comprehensive review","volume":"265","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1638379","article-title":"Steroidal glycosides from the underground parts of Hosta ventricosa and their anti-inflammatory activities in mice","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Purification and antitumor activity of total saponins of Hosta ventricosa","volume":"30","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-02-12-0025-R","article-title":"Biological and molecular characterization of a U.S. isolate of Hosta virus X","volume":"102","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05156-1","article-title":"Changes to virus taxonomy and to the international code of virus classification and nomenclature ratified by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses","volume":"166","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B., and Lefkowitz, E.J. (2012). Virus taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkins, J.F., and Gesteland, R.F. (2010). Ribosomal frameshifting in decoding plant viral RNAs. Recoding: Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89382-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0222","article-title":"Aphid transmission and systemic plant infection determinants of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus-PAV are contained in the coat protein readthrough domain and 17-kDa protein, respectively","volume":"219","author":"Chay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smirnova, E., Firth, A.E., Miller, W.A., Scheidecker, D., Brault, V., Reinbold, C., Rakotondrafara, A.M., Chung, B.Y.W., and Ziegler-Graff, V. (2015). Discovery of a small non-AUG-initiated ORF in poleroviruses and luteoviruses that is required for long-distance movement. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004868"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10327-024-01184-2","article-title":"Occurrence of blueberry virus L in Japan and its aphid transmission and pathogenicity in highbush blueberry","volume":"90","author":"Isogai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3997-1","article-title":"Red clover-associated luteovirus\u2014A newly classifiable member of the genus Luteovirus with an enamo-like P5 protein","volume":"163","author":"Lenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.01.035","article-title":"Rose spring dwarf-associated virus has RNA structural and gene-expression features like those of Barley yellow dwarf virus","volume":"375","author":"Salem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0998-3","article-title":"Characterization of a new apple luteovirus identified by high-throughput sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3633-5","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a novel luteovirus infecting apple by next-generation sequencing","volume":"163","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, S., Baizan-Edge, A., MacFarlane, S., and Torrance, L. (2017). Viral diagnostics in plants using next generation sequencing: Computational analysis in practice. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01770"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chen, G., Yu, J., Zhou, Y., Fei, S., Chen, H., Wu, J., and Fu, S. (2025). Genomic, evolutionary, and pathogenic characterization of a new polerovirus in traditional Chinese medicine Viola philippica. Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17010114"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06283-9","article-title":"A novel varicosavirus associated with Orychophragmus violaceus in China","volume":"170","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06492-2","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of a novel marafivirus from Artemisia argyi plants","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00561-2","article-title":"Exploring virus presence in field-collected potato leaf samples using RNA sequencing","volume":"21","author":"Elwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.11.003","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of a novel carlavirus in Ligularia jaluensis plants","volume":"40","author":"Fei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-04010-2","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel cytorhabdovirus associated with pear (P. communis \u2018Bartlett\u2019) through RNA-seq","volume":"82","author":"Prajapati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s44297-024-00033-0","article-title":"Discovery of a novel whitefly- and aphid-transmitted polerovirus on rice plants with dwarfing and fewer tillering symptoms","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crop Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Fu, S., Xie, Y., Han, Y., Zhou, X., and Wu, J. (2022). Discovery and characterization of a novel umbravirus from Paederia scandens plants showing leaf chlorosis and yellowing symptoms. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081821"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01771-08","article-title":"Geminivirus AL2 and L2 proteins suppress transcriptional gene silencing and cause genome-wide reductions in cytosine methylation","volume":"83","author":"Buchmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.10.6.937","article-title":"Initiation and maintenance of virus-induced gene silencing","volume":"10","author":"Ruiz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03850.x","article-title":"Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana fluorescent marker lines provides enhanced definition of protein localization, movement and interactions in planta","volume":"59","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00496-5","article-title":"Roles of RNA silencing in viral and non-viral plant immunity and in the crosstalk between disease resistance systems","volume":"23","author":"Baulcombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-091919-064218","article-title":"The role of viruses in identifying and analyzing RNA silencing","volume":"9","author":"Baulcombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Granoff, A., and Webster, R.G. (1999). LUTEOVIRUS (LUTEOVIRIDAE). Encyclopedia of Virology, Academic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2172-6","article-title":"Luteovirus: Insights into pathogenicity","volume":"159","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.07.039","article-title":"Antiviral immunity directed by small RNAs","volume":"130","author":"Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.07.007","article-title":"Human Argonaute2 mediates RNA cleavage targeted by miRNAs and siRNAs","volume":"15","author":"Meister","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600096","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of RNA silencing suppression mediated by p19 protein of tombusviruses","volume":"23","author":"Lakatos","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1259.2012.00395","article-title":"The movement protein of barley yellow dwarf virus is a suppressor of RNA silencing","volume":"47","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Bull. Bot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/07352689509701926","article-title":"Luteovirus gene expression","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07043.x","article-title":"Aphid transmission of beet western yellows luteovirus requires the minor capsid read-through protein P74","volume":"14","author":"Brault","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8476","article-title":"Effects of mutations in the beet western yellows virus readthrough protein on its expression and packaging and on virus accumulation, symptoms, and aphid transmission","volume":"230","author":"Brault","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2006.722.11","article-title":"Characterization and seed transmission of Hosta virus X isolated from Hosta plants","volume":"722","author":"Ryu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/7\/798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:48:23Z","timestamp":1784544503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/7\/798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["v18070798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18070798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}