{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:06:29Z","timestamp":1784718389583,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The link between ABO\/Rh blood groups and COVID-19 severity remains a topic of debate. We aimed to investigate the role ABO\/Rh blood groups, rs8176746 and rs495828 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in COVID-19 severity among COVID-19 patients in Mansoura City, Egypt. A total of 306 Egyptian patients were included in this cross-sectional study. They were grouped into 86 cases with non-severe infection and 220 with severe infection according to clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. ABO\/Rh blood groups were confirmed. A TaqMan real-time PCR SNP genotyping assay was used to examine the allelic discrimination of rs8176746 and rs495828 SNPs. Older age, male gender, and the presence of comorbidities were associated with severe COVID-19. AB blood group was significantly associated with a protective effect against severe COVID-19 (p = 0.029) in the unadjusted analysis. There was no statistically significant association between Rh type and disease severity. GT genotype was significantly associated with a higher frequency of AB blood groups in both rs8176746 and rs495828 (p &lt; 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant association between the studied SNPs and COVID-19 severity. After adjusting for age, gender, and the presence of comorbidities, the protective effect of the AB blood group with severe COVID-19 did not remain significant. No association was observed between Rh type rs8176746 and rs495828 SNPs and COVID-19 severity. The impact of ABO\/Rh blood types and related SNPs on COVID-19 severity can vary by the ethnic group and population being studied. This diversity emphasizes the need for specialized research approaches to better understand the demographic, clinical, and genetic factors that lead to variations in COVID-19 outcomes among various groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18070805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:48:28Z","timestamp":1784717308000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of ABO\/Rh Blood Groups and ABO Gene Variants rs8176746 and rs495828 with COVID-19 Severity Among Egyptian Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa H.","family":"Elnagdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alshimaa","family":"Magdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Hazem","family":"El-Nagdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Horus University, Damietta El Gadeeda City 34517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-2645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Ali","family":"Elkordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh City 11461, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka City 72388, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atef","family":"Elmougy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Mansoura University Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ayed","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basil Mohammed","family":"Alomair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka City 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4757-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Adi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Officer, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Hawally City 13034, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4256-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed","family":"Eldars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, New Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elgamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Mansoura University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4841-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Noureldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, Damietta El Gadeeda City 34517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayada Sabry","family":"Zeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Mansoura University Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Sobh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Mansoura University Children\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2071_20","article-title":"Viral Pandemics in the Past Two 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