{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:34:55Z","timestamp":1785418495965,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-3022-1-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-3022-1-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["58-3022-1-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-3022-1-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01na82s61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k1gpj17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assessing mosquito vector competence for emerging arboviruses, including the underlying determinants of infection, is a foundational line of investigation towards understanding arbovirus transmission dynamics and vector\u2013virus interactions. We developed a novel quantitative immune gene array that measures the relative expression of 22 immune genes with functional representation across five major immune pathways using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Homologous primers were developed for Culex tarsalis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. As an initial pilot test for this array, Cx. tarsalis and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were orally challenged with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) MP12 strain. Midguts, legs\/wings, and salivary glands were harvested at 3 and 7 days post-challenge. Differential gene expression was measured against Rpl32 as a housekeeping gene. This assay was sensitive enough to generate results for single mosquito midgut and salivary gland tissues, providing an initial snapshot of the types of gene expression patterns that can be observed for two mosquito species infected with MP12. This new tool will be broadly applicable for assessing mosquito immune profiles for arbovirus infection across major immune genes in five key pathways, as well as generating comparable results across mosquito and arbovirus systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1785168716000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a Novel Immune Gene Array to Assess Mosquito Gene Expression During Arbovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Juliette","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahlia","family":"Kopycienski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Mitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah C.","family":"Kading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, J., Gallichotte, E.N., Randall, J., Glass, A., Foy, B.D., Ebel, G.D., and Kading, R.C. 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