{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:34:02Z","timestamp":1785407642204,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05d14ax96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Despite successful antiretroviral treatment (ART), people living with HIV (PWH) continue experiencing chronic immune activation and comorbidities. We analysed whether the Fibrosis 4 index (FIB-4) is associated with monocyte\u2013macrophage activation in PWH with non-severe hepatic disease. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis about factors associated with monocyte\u2013macrophage activation among PWH either on triple or dual ART. Background measurements, comorbid conditions and FIB-4 values were correlated with plasmatic markers of monocyte\u2013macrophage activation (sCD163 and sCD14) using univariate and linear regression analysis. Results: We included 366 subjects (age 60.5, 75% male, years of HIV infection 24.5, mean FIB-4 1.52, 8% with FIB-4 &gt; 2.67, Body Mass Index 24.5). In univariate analysis, FIB-4 was associated with older age, years of HIV infection, ART duration, lower CD4\/CD8 ratio at inclusion, lower nadir CD4, higher sCD14 and sCD163 values, living alone, dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure and diabetes (p &lt; 0.05 for all). In multivariate analysis FIB-4 \u2265 1.3 was associated with sCD163 values \u2265 782 ng\/mL [AdjOR 1.85, 95% CI [1.05; 3.33] p = 0.035], independently from CD4 count, ART duration, living alone, hepatitis C, high blood pressure and alcohol. Conclusions: The FIB-4 is a simple tool reliable for monocyte\u2013macrophage activation in PWH, able to define subjects with higher risks of complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:52:01Z","timestamp":1785228721000},"page":"829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The FIB-4 Is a Marker of Monocyte\/Macrophage Activation Independently from Severe Hepatic Disease in People Living with HIV on Stable and Successful Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine\/Infectious Diseases Department, Cannes Hospital, 06400 Cannes, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique Cote d\u2019Azur (Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Radiologically Isolated Syndrome), Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, UR2CA\u2014RESPECT, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"},{"name":"Pain Department and FHU InovPain, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ferrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chirio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Ameil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeva","family":"Godemert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Cua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Tuaillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5426-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandine","family":"Pisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Pradier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, UR2CA\u2014RESPECT, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Carles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Durant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.001","article-title":"Systemic effects of inflammation on health during chronic HIV infection","volume":"39","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano-Villar, S., P\u00e9rez-El\u00edas, M.J., Dronda, F., Casado, J.L., Moreno, A., Royuela, A., P\u00e9rez-Molina, J.A., Sainz, T., Navas, E., and Hermida, J.M. 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