{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:53:23Z","timestamp":1792180403650,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Assignment","award":["FNZG-2026-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNZG-2026-0007"]}]},{"name":"State Assignment","award":["FNZG-2026-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNZG-2026-0008"]}]},{"name":"Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS (Institute of Poliomyelitis) fundamental research assignment","award":["FNZG-2024-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNZG-2024-0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination remains the primary strategy for poliomyelitis prevention. The D-antigen of poliovirus is a critical component of inactivated polio vaccines, as it induces the production of neutralizing antibodies and provides protective immunity. Therefore, the development of quantitative immunoassays for monitoring D-antigen content during vaccine production is an important task. In this study, we generated recombinant camelid single-domain antibodies (VHHs) specific for the D-antigen of Sabin poliovirus type 1 and evaluated their antigen specificity. The obtained VHH antibodies demonstrated strong binding to the native D-antigen of Sabin type 1 poliovirus. Furthermore, the use of clone S1-C7 as a capture antibody in combination with Sabin type 1-specific polyclonal antibodies for detection revealed differential recognition of the vaccine-derived Sabin type 1 and homologous wild-type Mahoney strains. Notably, such discrimination was not observed when polyclonal antibodies were used alone, indicating that incorporation of VHH S1-C7 into the assay enhances strain-specific antigen recognition. In a neutralization assay, clone S1-C7 exhibited in vitro neutralizing activity against Sabin type 1 poliovirus. One clone, S1-D9, demonstrated cross-reactivity with all three poliovirus serotypes, suggesting recognition of a conserved epitope in the capsid and potential utility as a universal detection antibody. The generated VHH antibodies represent promising analytical tools for poliovirus antigen characterization. Together with S1-C7, they enable the discrimination of both D- and C-antigen forms as well as vaccine-derived and wild-type strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T10:13:47Z","timestamp":1785320027000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Panel of VHH Antibodies Against Sabin Type 1 Poliovirus D-Antigen Reveals Strain-Specific and Cross-Serotype Reactivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8229-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Ermakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Shmeleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Borisenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3675-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zyrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2866-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stepan","family":"Chumakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBCh RAS), Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8514-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Yakupova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Merkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Shishova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 117418, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yury","family":"Ivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-2393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Piniaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Siniugina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydar","family":"Ishmukhametov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 117418, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874414533352","article-title":"Poliomyelitis: Historical Facts, Epidemiology, and Current Challenges in Eradication","volume":"4","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacun.2025.500484","article-title":"Poliomyelitis: The paradigm of an eliminated disease. 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