{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:00:11Z","timestamp":1785474011522,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01GM139971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM139971"]}]},{"award":["R01GM139971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM139971"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006827","name":"Florida Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["7ZK06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7ZK06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["7ZK06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7ZK06"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e1xkn26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bryan Robinson Endowment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted orthoflavivirus that caused an epidemic in 2015\u20132016 in the Americas and raised serious global health concerns due to its association with congenital brain anomalies when infections occur during pregnancy. Various viruses can form compartments within the cell to facilitate viral replication and assembly, referred to as viroplasms, replication organelles, or virus factories depending on the type of virus. ZIKV assembles virus particles in virus-generated compartments adjacent to the nucleus, referred to here as a replication compartment (RC), which is formed by remodeling the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER). How the viral proteins control RC assembly remains unknown. Here we show that the ZIKV non-structural protein 3 (NS3), a dual-function protease and RNA helicase, is sufficient to drive the assembly of a replication compartment-like structure (RCLS) in human cells. While sufficient to generate the RCLS, NS3 is less efficient in several aspects compared to ZIKV-induced RC assembly. Nonetheless, the RCLS is similar to the ZIKV RC in its assembly at the nuclear periphery, its recruitment of ER, association with the Golgi and centrosome, and the arrangement of microtubules at its surface. Moreover, NS3 expression results in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), but attenuates expression of the downstream transcription factor CHOP, mirroring the manipulation of the different aspects of the UPR by ZIKV infection. We further show that the helicase domain and not the protease domain is required for optimal RCLS formation and organelle recruitment, yet each domain affects different control over the UPR. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the mechanism of RC assembly by ZIKV, its involvement in hijacking the UPR, and the central role of NS3 in the process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1785325514000},"page":"834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Zika Virus NS3 Drives the Assembly of a Replication Compartment-like Structure That Exerts the Structural and Physiological Functions of the Viral Replication Compartment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3776-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Sultana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8323-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5553-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pilar","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8537-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garret M.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2641-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue J.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Megraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24748","article-title":"Zika virus: An emergent neuropathological agent","volume":"80","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161499","article-title":"Zika Virus RNA Replication and Persistence in Brain and Placental Tissue","volume":"23","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.016","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13059","article-title":"Zika virus: An emerging infectious threat","volume":"46","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection\u2014After the Pandemic","volume":"381","author":"Musso","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5316","article-title":"The 3.8 A resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus","volume":"352","author":"Sirohi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59002-9","article-title":"Molecular biology of flaviviruses","volume":"59","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012822-125828","article-title":"Replication Compartments of Eukaryotic and Bacterial DNA Viruses: Common Themes Between Different Domains of Host Cells","volume":"9","author":"Knipe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-093020-013659","article-title":"Liquid Phase Partitioning in Virus Replication: Observations and Opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052521-115736","article-title":"A Cool Look at Positive-Strand RNA Virus Replication Organelles: New Insights from Cryo-Electron Microscopy","volume":"93","author":"Snijder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2024.04.003","article-title":"Positive-strand RNA virus genome replication organelles: Structure, assembly, control","volume":"40","author":"Nishikiori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, H., Cao, H., Wang, Y., Li, J., Dai, J., Li, L.F., Qiu, H.J., and Li, S. (2024). Viral replication organelles: The highly complex and programmed replication machinery. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1450060"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, C.C., Vazquez, C.A., Giovannoni, F., Russo, C.A., Cordo, S.M., Alaimo, A., and Damonte, E.B. (2020). Cellular Organelles Reorganization During Zika Virus Infection of Human Cells. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01558"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, E., and Suzuki, Y. (2021). Membrane-Associated Flavivirus Replication Complex-Its Organization and Regulation. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061060"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10438","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00986-10","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum provides the membrane platform for biogenesis of the flavivirus replication complex","volume":"84","author":"Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.014","article-title":"Ultrastructural Characterization of Zika Virus Replication Factories","volume":"18","author":"Cortese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65409-y","article-title":"Microscopy analysis of Zika virus morphogenesis in mammalian cells","volume":"10","author":"Caldas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.03.007","article-title":"Composition and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites","volume":"5","author":"Welsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turpin, J., El-Safadi, D., Lebeau, G., Frumence, E., Despres, P., Viranaicken, W., and Krejbich-Trotot, P. (2021). CHOP Pro-Apoptotic Transcriptional Program in Response to ER Stress Is Hacked by Zika Virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073750"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.05.011","article-title":"Zika virus subversion of chaperone GRP78\/BiP expression in A549 cells during UPR activation","volume":"175","author":"Turpin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1250704","article-title":"CHOP induces death by promoting protein synthesis and oxidation in the stressed endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"18","author":"Marciniak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchwalter, R.A., Ogden, S.C., York, S.B., Sun, L., Zheng, C., Hammack, C., Cheng, Y., Chen, J.V., Cone, A.S., and Meckes, D.G. (2021). Coordination of Zika Virus Infection and Viroplasm Organization by Microtubules and Microtubule-Organizing Centers. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123335"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01788-07","article-title":"Crystal structure of the NS3 protease-helicase from dengue virus","volume":"82","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8693","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz650","article-title":"Zika virus NS3 is a canonical RNA helicase stimulated by NS5 RNA polymerase","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00508","article-title":"The Unique Cofactor Region of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Facilitates Cleavage of Key Host Proteins","volume":"13","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.232","article-title":"Insights into RNA unwinding and ATP hydrolysis by the flavivirus NS3 protein","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1688","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1688","article-title":"Conserved motifs in the flavivirus NS3 RNA helicase enzyme","volume":"13","author":"McCullagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176613","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress produced by Thapsigargin affects the occurrence of spike-wave discharge by modulating unfolded protein response pathways and activating immune responses in a dose-dependent manner","volume":"974","author":"Sahin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, M., Wang, L., Calderwood, M.A., Adelmant, G., Ohashi, M., Roecklein-Canfield, J., Marto, J.A., Hill, D.E., Deng, H., and Johannsen, E. (2013). An RS motif within the Epstein-Barr virus BLRF2 tegument protein is phosphorylated by SRPK2 and is important for viral replication. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053512"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9221","DOI":"10.1021\/bi963145k","article-title":"Ultraspiracle, a Drosophila retinoic X receptor alpha homologue, can mobilize the human thyroid hormone receptor to transactivate a human promoter","volume":"36","author":"Hatzivassiliou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.07.014","article-title":"Zika-Virus-Encoded NS2A Disrupts Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by Degrading Adherens Junction Proteins","volume":"21","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.04.011","article-title":"Development of standard methods for Zika virus propagation, titration, and purification","volume":"246","author":"Coelho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"443","article-title":"RNAi in cultured Drosophila cells","volume":"247","author":"Kao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000212","article-title":"Overexpression and Nucleolar Localization of gamma-Tubulin Small Complex Proteins GCP2 and GCP3 in Glioblastoma","volume":"74","author":"Draberova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707165200","article-title":"The serine protease domain of hepatitis C viral NS3 activates RNA helicase activity by promoting the binding of RNA substrate","volume":"282","author":"Beran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.17.8289-8297.2001","article-title":"Structure-based mutational analysis of the hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase","volume":"75","author":"Tai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.03.014","article-title":"The flavivirus NS2B-NS3 protease-helicase as a target for antiviral drug development","volume":"118","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus NS3 protein: A model RNA helicase and potential drug target","volume":"9","author":"Frick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.072753207","article-title":"Structural evidence for regulation and specificity of flaviviral proteases and evolution of the Flaviviridae fold","volume":"16","author":"Aleshin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit546","article-title":"Comparison of the live attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D-204 strain to its virulent parental strain Asibi by deep sequencing","volume":"209","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, E.H., Thompson, J.K., Widen, S.G., and Barrett, A.D.T. (2021). Genome Characterization of Yellow Fever Virus Wild-Type Strain Asibi, Parent to Live-Attenuated 17D Vaccine, from Three Different Sources. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071383"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1997000200002","article-title":"The yellow fever 17D vaccine virus: Molecular basis of viral attenuation and its use as an expression vector","volume":"30","author":"Galler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19201-0","article-title":"Association of Japanese encephalitis virus NS3 protein with microtubules and tumour susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) protein","volume":"84","author":"Chiou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.01.025","article-title":"The non-structural 3 (NS3) protein of dengue virus type 2 interacts with human nuclear receptor binding protein and is associated with alterations in membrane structure","volume":"102","author":"Chua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01311042","article-title":"Flavivirus infection: Essential ultrastructural changes and association of Kunjin virus NS3 protein with microtubules","volume":"106","author":"Ng","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddow, A.D., Schuh, A.J., Yasuda, C.Y., Kasper, M.R., Heang, V., Huy, R., Guzman, H., Tesh, R.B., and Weaver, S.C. (2012). Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: Geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001477"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.160065","article-title":"Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1437","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1437","article-title":"Organization of the Flavivirus RNA replicase complex","volume":"8","author":"Brand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02447-07","article-title":"Yellow Fever virus NS3 plays an essential role in virus assembly independent of its known enzymatic functions","volume":"82","author":"Patkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00850-3","article-title":"Zika virus NS3 protease induces bone morphogenetic protein-dependent brain calcification in human fetuses","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52211","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202052211","article-title":"Zika virus alters centrosome organization to suppress the innate immune response","volume":"23","author":"Kodani","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6334","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.254","article-title":"PP2A-dependent disruption of centrosome replication and cytoskeleton organization in Drosophila by SV40 small tumor antigen","volume":"27","author":"Kotadia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2023.02.003","article-title":"Microtubules and viral infection","volume":"115","author":"Naghavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetter, J., Lee, M., and Eichwald, C. (2024). The Role of the Host Cytoskeleton in the Formation and Dynamics of Rotavirus Viroplasms. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1612.v1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.06.008","article-title":"Exploitation of Cytoskeletal Networks during Early Viral Infection","volume":"27","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, D., and Gammon, D.B. (2022). Manipulation of Host Microtubule Networks by Viral Microtubule-Associated Proteins. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050979"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12835","article-title":"Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins","volume":"24","author":"Cong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn\u00edkov\u00e1, L., Bru\u0161t\u00edkov\u00e1, K., and Forstov\u00e1, J. (2020). Microtubules in Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010121"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, C., and Yamauchi, Y. (2020). Microtubules in Influenza Virus Entry and Egress. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010117"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00085-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00085-18","article-title":"Role of Microtubules and Microtubule-Associated Proteins in HIV-1 Infection","volume":"92","author":"Dharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2201","article-title":"Trafficking mechanism of West Nile (Sarafend) virus structural proteins","volume":"67","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-019-00086-4","article-title":"The Role of Host Cytoskeleton in Flavivirus Infection","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Zhang, D., Li, C., Zheng, Z., Fu, M., Ni, F., Liu, Y., Du, T., Wang, H., and Griffin, G.E. (2020). Characterization of Zika Virus Endocytic Pathways in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00242"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105464","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of organelles for inhibition of Zika virus replication in neurons","volume":"209","author":"Ojha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0183-x","article-title":"Vimentin is required for dengue virus serotype 2 infection but microtubules are not necessary for this process","volume":"153","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310739","article-title":"Involvement of microtubules in Kunjin virus replication. Brief report","volume":"97","author":"Hong","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.010058-0","article-title":"Morphological changes in human neural cells following tick-borne encephalitis virus infection","volume":"90","author":"Ruzek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.07.049","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the proteins of Zika virus","volume":"628","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.9.6650-6661.1997","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: Colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures","volume":"71","author":"Westaway","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/834\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:37:27Z","timestamp":1785472647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v18080834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18080834","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}