{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1785413310126,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DAHD, Government of India","award":["ANSCNIVEDICOL2022800133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANSCNIVEDICOL2022800133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated population immunity against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats in India following the second annual round of mass vaccination conducted under the National PPR Eradication Programme (PPR EP), launched in 2023 in accordance with the national strategic plan. A cross-sectional post-vaccination evaluation (PVE) was conducted during August 2024 and April 2026 to assess the herd or population immunity under field conditions, in line with the WOAH and FAO Global Control and Eradication Strategy (GCES) of the PPR Global Eradication Programme (PPR GEP) 2030. A total of 52,133 serum samples were collected within 90 days post vaccination from sheep and goats across three age groups, 6\u201312 months (n = 18,002), 1\u20132 years (n = 17,316), and &gt;2 years (n = 16,842), representing 1666 epidemiological units across multiple taluks and districts in 20 Indian states and Union Territories. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against PPR virus using in-house IVRI developed hemagglutinin (H) protein monoclonal antibody based competitive ELISA. The study revealed an overall population immunity of 72%, with age-wise PPRV antibody prevalence of 70.8%, 71.8%, and 72.6% in the 6\u201312-month, 1\u20132-year, and &gt;2-year age groups, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant associations (p &lt; 0.005) between PPRV seropositivity and host factors, including species. Population immunity increased markedly from 41% (pre-vaccination sero-prevalence) in 2023 to nearly 72% by 2025-26 following two consecutive rounds of annual vaccination, accompanied by a substantial reduction in confirmed outbreaks from 57 during 2023 to 20 in 2025 in these 20 states\/Union Territories. Notably, about 14.5% of epidemiological units remained below 30% seroprevalence, indicating targeted gaps requiring intensified vaccination. Overall animal vaccination coverage exceeded 95% among small ruminants aged above four months, approaching the population immunity threshold of 70 to 80%. These findings highlight the critical role of sustained successive mass vaccination campaigns in achieving and maintaining protective herd\/population immunity, thereby supporting national and global PPR eradication goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:38:54Z","timestamp":1785411534000},"page":"839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Population Immunity Against Peste des Petits Ruminants in Goats and Sheep in India After the Second Annual Mass Vaccination Implemented Under the National PPR Eradication Programme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5484-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirubakaran","family":"Vinod Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4419-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakshit","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandra","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Priya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshatha Lokanath","family":"Goudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umathul","family":"Ayesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ponnidurai","family":"Malini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prajakta Prashant","family":"Bokade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2112-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Asha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangarajareddy","family":"Deekshitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annett Helcita","family":"Dsouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akula","family":"Dakshitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakuntala Krishnaiah","family":"Harshitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahadevappa","family":"Swathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roopa Anandamurthy","family":"Hemanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmipathy","family":"Archudhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"ChandraSekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Mukteswar Campus, Nainital 263138, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3005-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GurrappaNaidu","family":"Govindaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayakvadi","family":"Shivasharanappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paramanandham","family":"Krishnamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujit","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD), Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njeumi","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldev Raj","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satya","family":"Parida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7821-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinayagamurthy","family":"Balamurugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560119, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150223","article-title":"Spillover of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus from Domestic to Wild Ruminants in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balamurugan, V., Kumar, K.V., Dheeraj, R., Kurli, R., Suresh, K.P., Govindaraj, G., Shome, B.R., and Roy, P. (2021). Temporal and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Outbreaks from the Past 25 Years in Sheep and Goats and Its Control in India. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030480"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balamurugan, V., Ojha, R., Kumar, K.V., Asha, A., Ashraf, S., Dsouza, A.H., Pal, A., Bokade, P.P., Harshitha, S.K., and Deshpande, R. (2024). Post-Vaccination Sero-Monitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep and Goats in Karnataka: Progress towards PPR Eradication in India. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030333"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benfield, C.T.O., Legnardi, M., Mayen, F., Almajali, A., Cinardi, G., Wisser, D., Chaka, H., and Njeumi, F. (2023). Peste Des Petits Ruminants in the Middle East: Epidemiological Situation and Status of Control and Eradication Activities after the First Phase of the PPR Global Eradication Program (2017\u20132021). Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071196"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0188-2","article-title":"Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: A comprehensive review","volume":"25","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2014","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.bjv\/2016.3.3s.77.85","article-title":"Estimation of economic Loss of PPR in sheep and goats in India: An annual incidence based analysis","volume":"3","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arede, M., Beltr\u00e1n-Alcrudo, D., Benfield, C., Casal, J., Felix, N., Ciaravino, G., and Allepuz, A. (2026). Risk mapping of peste des petits ruminants virus spread in nine countries surrounding the black sea: A spatial multicriteria decision analysis approach. Front. Vet. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1783624"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Long, P.T. (2026, March 20). Peste des Petits Ruminants Situation in Vietnam. Available online: https:\/\/rr-asia.woah.org."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacobescu-Mari\u021bescu, R., Morar, A., Herman, V., T\u00eerziu, E., D\u00e9gi, J., and Imre, K. (2025). Field-Based Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep in Romania: Clinical, Pathological, and Diagnostic Perspectives. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12070679"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"WOAH, and FAO (2026, June 30). Manual on Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of Pesti des Petits Ruminants. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-i4460e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"FAO (2022). Overview of the Plan of Action Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Eradication Programme II & III, The World Organisation for Animal Health."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Balamurugan, V., Vinod Kumar, K., Govindaraj, G., Suresh, K.P., Shome, B.R., and Gulati, B.R. (2023). Status Paper on Peste des Petits Ruminants Indian Perspective, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-022-00796-6","article-title":"Assessment of post-vaccination immune response to peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants in the central and western regions of India","volume":"33","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2022","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-015-0281-9","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants vaccine and vaccination in India: Sharing experience with disease endemic countries","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organisation for Animal Health (2015). Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. Annexes, OIE."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00630-x","article-title":"Towards eradication of peste des petits ruminants: Post-vaccination evaluation in sheep and goats in Southern Peninsular India","volume":"31","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.07.007","article-title":"Development of a monoclonal antibody based competitive-ELISA for detection and titration of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus","volume":"98","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. (1967). Statistical Methods, Oxford & IBH Publishing. [Indian ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-012-3249-6","article-title":"Study on passive immunity: Time of vaccination in kids born to goats vaccinated against Peste des petits ruminants","volume":"27","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1573-1580","article-title":"Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India","volume":"13","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.aavs\/2020\/8.12.1421.1426","article-title":"Serosurvey of peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants in the hilly terrain north-eastern state of Sikkim in India","volume":"8","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00574-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in Eastern India","volume":"31","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.08.013","article-title":"Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in goats in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India","volume":"178","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"55","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants in the North Eastern Region of India","volume":"56","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govindaraj, G.N., Balamurugan, V., Reddy, G.B.M., Yogisharadhya, R., Reddy, T.S., Naveenkumar, G.S., Kumar, K.V., Chaithra, H.R., Bi, A.Z., and Parida, S. (2023). Towards Eradication of PPR: Disease Status, Economic Cost and Perception of Veterinarians in Karnataka, India. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050778"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41404-7","article-title":"Vaccination trends and operational challenges in Peste des Petits Ruminants eradication in Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Alamerew","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.104850","article-title":"Post-vaccination herd immunity against peste des petits ruminants and inter-vaccination population turnover in small ruminant flocks in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"174","author":"Yirga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06254-0","article-title":"Molecular insights from 2023 and 2024 outbreaks reveal exclusive circulation of peste des petits ruminants virus lineage IV in India","volume":"170","author":"Anand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandefro, M., Ibrahim, S.M., Sibhatu, D., Kassa, N., Emiyu, K., Debebe, K., Dessalegn, B., Birhan, M., and Bitew, M. (2024). Vaccine sero-monitoring and sero-surveillance of Peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants in West Gojjam zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1392893"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.23-0021","article-title":"Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) vaccine R&D investment: Financial assessment of vaccine development and administration in India","volume":"85","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imanbayeva, D., P\u00e9rez Aguirreburualde, M.S., Knauer, W., Tegzhanov, A., Yustyniuk, V., Arzt, J., Perez, A., Njeumi, F., and Parida, S. (2025). A Scoping Review on Progression Towards Freedom from Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and the Role of the PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT). Viruses, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040563"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barman, N.N., Bharali, A., Bora, D.P., Dutta, B., Bora, M., Gogoi, S.M., Sharma, P., Sarma, S., Kakati, P., and Mariswamy, T. (2024). First Incidence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Cervidae Family from State Zoo of Assam, India. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121829"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:41:57Z","timestamp":1785411717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v18080839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18080839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}