{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:59:26Z","timestamp":1785488366820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) remains a major tick-borne zoonotic infection and a persistent public health challenge in Central Asia. Kazakhstan is among the endemic countries, where natural foci of CCHF are concentrated predominantly in the southern regions. This study evaluated the long-term epidemiological trends, regional distribution, seasonality, and risk factors associated with CCHF in Kazakhstan. A retrospective analysis of national surveillance data from 1980 to 2023 was conducted, complemented by detailed epidemiological and entomological investigations in the Turkestan region and the city of Shymkent during 2011\u20132023. Laboratory-confirmed cases, tick bite-related healthcare visits, entomological surveillance data, demographic characteristics, and epidemiological risk factors were analyzed. The results demonstrated cyclic fluctuations in CCHF incidence, with epidemic peaks occurring every 4\u20136 years and pronounced spring\u2013summer seasonality, with the highest incidence observed in June and July. Long-term average annual incidence in endemic southern regions exceeded the national average by 2.67-fold. A total of 50,671 tick bite-related healthcare visits were registered during 2011\u20132023, while their incidence declined over time. Analysis of 94 laboratory-confirmed cases identified adults aged 18\u201340 years as the most affected group. Tick bites and livestock-related activities were the principal risk factors. These findings support the strengthening of integrated surveillance, vector control, laboratory diagnostics, and One Health-based prevention strategies in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:20:18Z","timestamp":1785486018000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Epidemiological Trends and Risk Factors of Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Kazakhstan: An Integrated Epidemiological and Entomological Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulzhan N.","family":"Abuova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, South-Kazakhstan Medical Academy, 160016 Shymkent, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yerkin B.","family":"Bukharbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, South-Kazakhstan Medical Academy, 160016 Shymkent, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida A.","family":"Berdaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, South-Kazakhstan Medical Academy, 160016 Shymkent, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Yu.","family":"Pshenichnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5152-1011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekzhan Ye.","family":"Bektan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, South-Kazakhstan Medical Academy, 160016 Shymkent, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Onischenko, G.G. (2018). Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever, GEOTAR-Media. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.01.001","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia","volume":"38","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.31082\/1728-452X-2018-195-9-54-60","article-title":"Genetic variants of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulating in the South Kazakhstan region","volume":"195","author":"Nurmakhanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"22","article-title":"Historical data on Crimean hemorrhagic fever morbidity in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 1944\u20132022","volume":"5","author":"Yerubayev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Highly Infect. Dis. Biosaf."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"50","article-title":"Current status of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and other zoonotic infections in the South Kazakhstan region","volume":"4","author":"Abuova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disinfect. Antiseptics"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Burdelov, L.A., Atshabar, B.B., and Sadovskaya, V.P. (2012). Atlas of the Distribution of Especially Dangerous Infections in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Karaganda Medical University (KMU) Electronic Library. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2025, June 12). The Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.kz\/memleket\/entities\/dsm?lang=ru."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2025, June 12). The National Center for Public Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Available online: https:\/\/hls.kz\/ru\/bs-front-page."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107538","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever modeling based on climate variables in Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey (1999\u20132022)","volume":"152","author":"Lizinfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70435-2","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.12.003","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: Current status and future challenges","volume":"126","author":"Leblebicioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.10.014","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran and neighboring countries","volume":"47","author":"Chinikar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.07.015","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Southeast of Iran","volume":"52","author":"Moghtaderi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, September 06). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Afghanistan. Disease Outbreak News. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON430."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2025, September 06). One Health Priority Zoonotic Diseases in Uzbekistan. FAO Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:25:16Z","timestamp":1785486316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v18080840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18080840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}