{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:45:26Z","timestamp":1785775526365,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to detect and characterize foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes circulating in cattle from Nigeria and to determine the genetic relationship with FMDV from previous studies in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between 2017 and 2020, during which a total of 234 epithelial tissue samples were collected from reported outbreaks in nine states across Nigeria over a four-year period. Serotypes O\/EA-3 and SAT2\/VII were identified in samples from 2017 and 2018, serotypes A\/Africa\/G-IV and SAT2\/VII in 2019, and all three serotypes including O\/EA-3 and O\/WA were identified in samples from 2020. This study identified the presence of three FMDV serotypes (O\/EA-3 and O\/WA, A\/Africa\/G-IV and SAT2\/VII) circulating in Nigeria. The three serotypes detected in this study can be recommended for production of the appropriate vaccines to control FMDV in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phylogenetic Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from Cattle in Nigeria, 2017\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Aliyu","family":"Sada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jibril","family":"Adamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruna M.","family":"Kazeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaidu","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussaini G.","family":"Ularamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiltawe","family":"Wungak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6135-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kabiru H.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-3036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bala N.","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Fomenky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Hole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1265-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Babiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Lung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Nfon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.10.004","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease virus strains and examination of exposure factors associated with seropositivity of cattle herds in nigeria during 2007\u20132009","volume":"109","author":"Fasina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. 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