{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:45:28Z","timestamp":1785775528669,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVeterinarnoe blagopoluchie 2026\u201d of FGBI ARRIAH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sheep- and goatpox are highly contagious, transboundary viral diseases caused by capripoxviruses (CaPV), severely impacting small ruminant production and resulting in significant economic losses. Our study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal SGP distribution using the available genome sequence data and to evaluate the recombination occurrence. For this, the WAHIS, WOAH and FAO databases were utilized for the epidemiological analysis of SGP outbreaks. The cross-correlation was calculated to assess the impact of massive animal movements associated with the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha on the SGP epizootic situation, and phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis, as well as a recombination analysis were performed. A total of 1629 SGP outbreaks were reported to WAHIS during 2010\u20132024, with the majority occurring in Mongolia, the Balkan countries, Russia and the Middle East. Over 60% of all SGP outbreaks were associated with croplands or grasslands, with the highest proportion corresponding to animal densities of 10\u201350 head\/km2. Statistically significant positive cross-correlation (p &lt; 0.05) was identified between the month of the Eid al-Adha celebration and the number of SGP outbreaks in Russia, Mongolia, Bulgaria and Tajikistan, while in Greece and China no significant correlation was found. The inferred goat pox virus (GTPV) transmission pathways from China to Vietnam and from India to Bangladesh; for the sheeppox virus SPPV, the routes between Kazakhstan and Russia, Kazakhstan and India, as well as between Russia and China, had the strongest Bayes factor support. Intra-specific recombination events were not detected for the SSPV and GTPV datasets. However, inter-specific CaPV recombination analysis identified a single recombination event in GTPV. Therefore, the use of molecular epidemiological tools, along with the time-calibrated phylodynamic and phylogeographic analyses, has significant applications in the local and international surveillance of the occurrence of SGP outbreaks and for identification of potential recombination events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sheeppox and Goatpox: Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny and Transmission Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5982-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Sprygin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7378-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor","family":"Korennoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajabmurod","family":"Atovullozoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 43 A. Kahorov, St., Dushanbe 734005, Tajikistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1265-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Babiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6444-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Vernygora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Lung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abed Alhussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaimon","family":"Nazrullozoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 43 A. Kahorov, St., Dushanbe 734005, Tajikistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9625-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Yarygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Tenitilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Byadovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1659-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Chvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), ul. Gvardeyskaya 6, Yur\u2019evets, Vladimir 600901, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883245","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2883245","article-title":"Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Strain Under Immune Pressure Exerted by Heterologous Goat Poxvirus Vaccines","volume":"2025","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shumilova, I., Abed Alhussen, M., Krotova, A., Shalina, K., Prutnikov, P., Kononova, S., Byadovskaya, O., Chvala, I., Prokhvatilova, L., and Sprygin, A. (2025). An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Four Currently Used Sheep Pox Vaccines Against a Contemporary Virulent Strain. 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