{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:37:43Z","timestamp":1786534663410,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Filoviruses cause highly lethal infectious diseases with hemorrhagic symptoms and extremely high fatality rate (up to 90%). Although two vaccines against Ebola virus (EBOV) are licensed for application in endemic areas, vaccines against other filoviruses (SUDV, BDBV, MARV) are still at pre-clinical or clinical stages. The development of vaccines requires protective efficacy studies using animal models of infection. However, animal studies using wild-type filoviruses require maximum biosafety level (BSL-4), which hinders filoviral vaccine advancement. In this study, we developed a surrogate animal model of EBOV-, SUDV-, BDBV- and MARV- GP-mediated entry using Ifnar1-knockout (-\/-) mice and recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs), carrying a genetic sequence of filoviral glycoprotein (GP) and pseudotyped with correspondent GP. We showed that rVSV-EBOV-GP was 100% lethal for Ifnar1(-\/-) mice after inoculation by multiple routes, and its active propagation was within 24 h post-infection. We performed dose-dependent lethality assessment in small groups to estimate median lethal doses for rVSV-EBOV-GP, rVSV-SUDV-GP, rVSV-BDBV-GP, rVSV-MARV-GP in Ifnar1-knockout mice and showed high viral load in liver and immune cell reservoirs. The developed models contribute to safe and effective research of filoviral vaccines and therapeutic antibodies under BSL-2 conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:11:16Z","timestamp":1786439476000},"page":"878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Lethal Pseudofilovirus Model in Ifnar1(-\/-) Mice Using Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-7026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna V.","family":"Mamatkulova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna V.","family":"Shuliakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Zubkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"},{"name":"P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiology Center, Ministry of Health, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3851-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii A.","family":"Reshetnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0728-5478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna A.","family":"Iliukhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya D.","family":"Zorkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria M.","family":"Grousova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria M.","family":"Savina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3248-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis I.","family":"Zrelkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1965-0482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina P.","family":"Goldovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina G.","family":"Samokhvalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9203-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin V.","family":"Azizyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Shcheblyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris S.","family":"Naroditsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Gintsburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Infectology and Virology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis Yu.","family":"Logunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001955","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001955","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae 2024","volume":"105","author":"Biedenkopf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, May 29). Outbreak History, Ebola, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ebola\/outbreaks\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, May 29). 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