{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:30:36Z","timestamp":1786681836089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA-NIFA Competitive Grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-07864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-07864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019338","name":"Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sitlington Endowment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) acute infection induces respiratory tract disorders and conjunctivitis and suppresses immune responses that may cause bacterial pneumonia. BoHV-1 infection establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons in trigeminal ganglia (TG), the central nervous system, and certain cells in the pharyngeal tonsil. BoHV-1 is a chronic problem in the cattle industry because stress, including the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, triggers reactivation from latency after an intravenous injection. The BoHV-1 immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter drives expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4, two viral transcriptional regulators. Stress activates the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) cooperatively transactivates the BoHV-1 IEtu1 promoter if both GR response elements (GREs) are intact. Since the bICP0 gene contains a separate early (E) promoter, we tested the hypothesis that GR+KLF family members transactivate the bICP0 E-promoter. GR+KLF4, both pioneer transcription factors, cooperatively stimulate bICP0 E-promoter activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A), and stimulate productive infection. Notably, the bICP0 E-promoter lacks GREs, suggesting that a novel mechanism triggers transactivation. CA motifs and C-rich Sp1 binding sites in bICP0 E-promoter sequences are crucial for transactivation and binding to GR and KLF4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:11:36Z","timestamp":1786525896000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kr\u00fcppel-like Factor 4 and Glucocorticoid Receptor Cooperatively Transactivate the Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) Infected Cell Protein 0 (bICP0) Early Promoter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1409-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafez","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9048-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Claire","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clinton","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, K.K., and Pendell, D.L. 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