{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:37:16Z","timestamp":1786700236858,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRCPFA-Nov23\/100008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRCPFA-Nov23\/100008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DRCPFA-Nov23\/100008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRCPFA-Nov23\/100008"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/054225q67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) family is the sole remaining transposable element family that is capable of autonomous retrotransposition in humans. LINE-1 expression, tightly controlled through epigenetic mechanisms, has complex effects on gene regulation. Due to their similarity to retroviruses, once activated, LINE-1s have the ability to trigger pathways involved in innate and adaptive immunity with both beneficial and detrimental effects. This review will explore the mechanisms and importance of LINE-1 epigenetic repression and the potential outcomes of LINE-1 expression, with a focus on their immunogenic roles in innate and adaptive immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1786698241000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LINE-1 Epigenetic Repression and Regulation of Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Immunobiology and Infection, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen M.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Immunobiology and Infection, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1956.021.01.017","article-title":"Controlling Elements and the Gene","volume":"21","author":"McClintock","year":"1956","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.08.005","article-title":"Endogenous Retroviruses: Acquisition, Amplification and Taming of Genome Invaders","volume":"3","author":"Dewannieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.27","article-title":"Immune Responses to Endogenous Retroelements: Taking the Bad with the Good","volume":"16","author":"Kassiotis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Koning, A.P.J., Gu, W., Castoe, T.A., Batzer, M.A., and Pollock, D.D. (2011). Repetitive Elements May Comprise Over Two-Thirds of the Human Genome. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002384"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","article-title":"Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium","volume":"409","author":"Lander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2165","article-title":"A Unified Classification System for Eukaryotic Transposable Elements","volume":"8","author":"Wicker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"5280","article-title":"Hot L1s Account for the Bulk of Retrotransposition in the Human Population","volume":"9","author":"Brouha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.4.1429-1439.2001","article-title":"Human L1 Retrotransposition: CisPreference versus Trans Complementation","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/74184","article-title":"Human LINE Retrotransposons Generate Processed Pseudogenes","volume":"24","author":"Esnault","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.19.10155","article-title":"In Vitro Properties of the First ORF Protein from Mouse LINE-1 Support Its Role in Ribonucleoprotein Particle Formation during Retrotransposition","volume":"94","author":"Kolosha","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81997-2","article-title":"Human L1 Retrotransposon Encodes a Conserved Endonuclease Required for Retrotransposition","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06947-z","article-title":"Structures, Functions and Adaptations of the Human LINE-1 ORF2 Protein","volume":"626","author":"Baldwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1380406","article-title":"Unconventional Translation of Mammalian LINE-1 Retrotransposons","volume":"20","author":"Alisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doucet, A.J., Hulme, A.E., Sahinovic, E., Kulpa, D.A., Moldovan, J.B., Kopera, H.C., Athanikar, J.N., Hasnaoui, M., Bucheton, A., and Moran, J.V. (2010). Characterization of LINE-1 Ribonucleoprotein Particles. PLoS Genet., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001150"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.35.102401.091032","article-title":"Biology of mammalian L1 retrotransposons","volume":"35","author":"Ostertag","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergin, C.J., Mendes da Silva, A., and Benoit, Y.D. (2023). Where to Draw the LINE\u2014Are Retrotransposable Elements Here to Stay?. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164119"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11350","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab826","article-title":"Structural Dissection of Sequence Recognition and Catalytic Mechanism of Human LINE-1 Endonuclease","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.050","article-title":"Genome-Wide de Novo L1 Retrotransposition Connects Endonuclease Activity with Replication","volume":"177","author":"Flasch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads8412","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads8412","article-title":"Structural Mechanism of LINE-1 Target-Primed Reverse Transcription","volume":"388","author":"Ghanim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj490","article-title":"The Dicistronic RNA from the Mouse LINE-1 Retrotransposon Contains an Internal Ribosome Entry Site Upstream of Each ORF: Implications for Retrotransposition","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.033","article-title":"Much Ado about Zero","volume":"163","author":"Boeke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.10.003","article-title":"Computational Modeling of RNase, Antisense ORF0 RNA, and Intracellular Compartmentation and Their Impact on the Life Cycle of the Line Retrotransposon","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071753","DOI":"10.1155\/JBB\/2006\/71753","article-title":"L1 Antisense Promoter Drives Tissue-Specific Transcription of Human Genes","volume":"2006","author":"Redik","year":"2006","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.025","article-title":"Primate-Specific ORF0 Contributes to Retrotransposon-Mediated Diversity","volume":"163","author":"Denli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-015-0363-5","article-title":"Analysis of L1-Chimeric Transcripts Derived from Bidirectional Promoter of Human-Specific L1","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190342","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0342","article-title":"An Atlas of Transposable Element-Derived Alternative Splicing in Cancer","volume":"375","author":"Clayton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl027","article-title":"LINE-1 RNA Splicing and Influences on Mammalian Gene Expression","volume":"34","author":"Belancio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2002.6758","article-title":"Many Human Genes Are Transcribed from the Antisense Promoter of L1 Retrotransposon","volume":"79","author":"Nigumann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.6.1973-1985.2001","article-title":"Antisense Promoter of Human L1 Retrotransposon Drives Transcription of Adjacent Cellular Genes","volume":"21","author":"Speek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2009.08.013","article-title":"Isolation of Cancer-Specific Chimeric Transcripts Induced by Hypomethylation of the LINE-1 Antisense Promoter","volume":"94","author":"Cruickshanks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac056","article-title":"L1 Chimeric Transcripts Are Expressed in Healthy Brain and Their Deregulation in Glioma Follows That of Their Host Locus","volume":"31","author":"Pinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Criscione, S.W., Theodosakis, N., Micevic, G., Cornish, T.C., Burns, K.H., Neretti, N., and Rodi\u0107, N. (2016). Genome-Wide Characterization of Human L1 Antisense Promoter-Driven Transcripts. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2800-5"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2019.11.004","article-title":"Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements 1 (LINE1): The Chimeric Transcript L1-MET and Its Involvement in Cancer","volume":"241","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Genet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2026.101165","article-title":"Comparative Genomics Reveals LINE-1 Recombination with Diverse RNAs","volume":"6","author":"Law","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg496","article-title":"The Human Genome Contains Many Types of Chimeric Retrogenes Generated through in Vivo RNA Recombination","volume":"31","author":"Buzdin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2024.100498","article-title":"Locus-Level L1 DNA Methylation Profiling Reveals the Epigenetic and Transcriptional Interplay between L1s and Their Integration Sites","volume":"4","author":"Lanciano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.15-00016","article-title":"Role of Transposable Elements in Genomic Rearrangement, Evolution, Gene Regulation and Epigenetics in Primates","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Genet. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112625","article-title":"Co-Option of Endogenous Retroviruses through Genetic Escape from TRIM28 Repression","volume":"42","author":"Gould","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enriquez-Gasca, R., Gould, P.A., and Rowe, H.M. (2020). Host Gene Regulation by Transposable Elements: The New, the Old and the Ugly. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101089"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-023-00308-3","article-title":"An Intronic LINE-1 Regulates IFNAR1 Expression in Human Immune Cells","volume":"14","author":"Buttler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50256","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50256","article-title":"Soluble PD-L1 Generated by Endogenous Retroelement Exaptation Is a Receptor Antagonist","volume":"8","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EMBR202255197","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202255197","article-title":"Retrotransposon Insertions Associated with Risk of Neurologic and Psychiatric Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39795","article-title":"Expression of Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 Retroelements and Induction of Type I Interferon in Patients With Systemic Autoimmune Disease","volume":"68","author":"Mavragani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-021-00566-0","article-title":"The HIV-1 Capsid and Reverse Transcription","volume":"18","author":"Aiken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14551","article-title":"An Update on Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Retrotransposons","volume":"597","author":"Warkocki","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Protasova, M.S., Andreeva, T.V., and Rogaev, E.I. (2021). Factors Regulating the Activity of LINE1 Retrotransposons. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12101562"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3030","article-title":"Dynamic Interactions between Transposable Elements and Their Hosts","volume":"12","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-016-0065-9","article-title":"Roles for Retrotransposon Insertions in Human Disease","volume":"7","author":"Hancks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2014-0018","article-title":"Regulation of LINE-1 in Mammals","volume":"5","author":"Bodak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EMBR201745000","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201745000","article-title":"KAP 1 Regulates Endogenous Retroviruses in Adult Human Cells and Contributes to Innate Immune Control","volume":"19","author":"Tie","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04132-9","article-title":"A Somatic Role for the Histone Methyltransferase Setdb1 in Endogenous Retrovirus Silencing","volume":"9","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0159-6","article-title":"The Diverse Roles of DNA Methylation in Mammalian Development and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Greenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.06.007","article-title":"Epigenetic Control of Retrotransposons in Adult Tissues: Implications for Immune Regulation","volume":"25","author":"Tie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0106-6","article-title":"Regulation of Transposable Elements by DNA Modifications","volume":"20","author":"Deniz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5143","article-title":"The DNA Methyltransferase DNMT3C Protects Male Germ Cells from Transposon Activity","volume":"354","author":"Barau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50765-4","article-title":"DNA Methylation Governs the Sensitivity of Repeats to Restriction by the HUSH-MORC2 Corepressor","volume":"15","author":"Pandiloski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.05.024","article-title":"LINE-1 Evasion of Epigenetic Repression in Humans","volume":"75","author":"Kempen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.973302","article-title":"SETDB1: A Novel KAP-1-Associated Histone H3, Lysine 9-Specific Methyltransferase That Contributes to HP1-Mediated Silencing of Euchromatic Genes by KRAB Zinc-Finger Proteins","volume":"16","author":"Schultz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422187112","article-title":"The Histone Methyltransferase SETDB1 Represses Endogenous and Exogenous Retroviruses in B Lymphocytes","volume":"112","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201612160","article-title":"Silencing of Retrotransposons by SET DB1 Inhibits the Interferon Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"216","author":"Cuellar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev181180","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.181180","article-title":"The Control of Gene Expression and Cell Identity by H3K9 Trimethylation","volume":"146","author":"Ninova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.007","article-title":"Dynamic Control of Endogenous Retroviruses during Development","volume":"411","author":"Rowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.227280.117","article-title":"A CRISPR Knockout Screen Identifies SETDB1-Target Retroelement Silencing Factors in Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"28","author":"Fukuda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.02.024","article-title":"Transposable Elements and Their KRAB-ZFP Controllers Regulate Gene Expression in Adult Tissues","volume":"36","author":"Ecco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03520-4","article-title":"Epigenetic Silencing by SETDB1 Suppresses Tumour Intrinsic Immunogenicity","volume":"595","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8623","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00487-06","article-title":"The KAP1 Corepressor Functions To Coordinate the Assembly of De Novo HP1-Demarcated Microenvironments of Heterochromatin Required for KRAB Zinc Finger Protein-Mediated Transcriptional Repression","volume":"26","author":"Sripathy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21683","article-title":"KRAB Zinc-Finger Proteins Contribute to the Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks","volume":"543","author":"Imbeault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corsinotti, A., Kapopoulou, A., Gubelmann, C., Imbeault, M., Santoni de Sio, F.R., Rowe, H.M., Mouscaz, Y., Deplancke, B., and Trono, D. (2013). Global and Stage Specific Patterns of Kr\u00fcppel-Associated-Box Zinc Finger Protein Gene Expression in Murine Early Embryonic Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056721"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13760","article-title":"An Evolutionary Arms Race between KRAB Zinc-Finger Genes ZNF91\/93 and SVA\/L1 Retrotransposons","volume":"516","author":"Jacobs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09825-y","article-title":"Uncovering the Role of LINE-1 in the Evolution of Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"650","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.029","article-title":"Suv39h-Dependent H3K9me3 Marks Intact Retrotransposons and Silences LINE Elements in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells","volume":"55","author":"Ramirez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.12.017","article-title":"A Subset of the Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methyltransferases Suv39h1, G9a, GLP, and SETDB1 Participate in a Multimeric Complex","volume":"37","author":"Fritsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-018-0231-z","article-title":"Tri-Methylation of ATF7IP by G9a\/GLP Recruits the Chromodomain Protein","volume":"11","author":"Tsusaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.050","article-title":"ATF7IP-Mediated Stabilization of the Histone Methyltransferase SETDB1 Is Essential for Heterochromatin Formation by the HUSH Complex","volume":"17","author":"Timms","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa7227","article-title":"Epigenetic Silencing by the HUSH Complex Mediates Position-Effect Variegation in Human Cells","volume":"348","author":"Tchasovnikarova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25179","article-title":"Selective Silencing of Euchromatic L1s Revealed by Genome-Wide Screens for L1 Regulators","volume":"553","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.228171.117","article-title":"The Hush Complex Cooperates with Trim28 to Repress Young Retrotransposons and New Genes","volume":"28","author":"Tie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-020425-045352","article-title":"Silencing by the HUSH Epigenetic Transcriptional Repressor Complex","volume":"94","author":"Lehner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04228-1","article-title":"Genome Surveillance by HUSH-Mediated Silencing of Intronless Mobile Elements","volume":"601","author":"Seczynska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19170-5","article-title":"The HUSH Complex Is a Gatekeeper of Type I Interferon through Epigenetic Regulation of LINE-1s","volume":"11","author":"Tunbak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18761-6","article-title":"TASOR Is a Pseudo-PARP That Directs HUSH Complex Assembly and Epigenetic Transposon Control","volume":"11","author":"Douse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkae1165","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1165","article-title":"RNA Binding by Periphilin Plays an Essential Role in Initiating Silencing by the HUSH Complex","volume":"53","author":"Bloor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10313","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa785","article-title":"Periphilin Self-Association Underpins Epigenetic Silencing by the HUSH Complex","volume":"48","author":"Prigozhin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23308-4","article-title":"MPP8 Is Essential for Sustaining Self-Renewal of Ground-State Pluripotent Stem Cells","volume":"12","author":"Moroni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3878","article-title":"Hyperactivation of HUSH Complex Function by Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth Disease Mutation in MORC2","volume":"49","author":"Tchasovnikarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03045-x","article-title":"Neuropathic MORC2 Mutations Perturb GHKL ATPase Dimerization Dynamics and Epigenetic Silencing by Multiple Structural Mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Douse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221472","article-title":"MORC Family ATPases Required for Heterochromatin Condensation and Gene Silencing","volume":"336","author":"Moissiard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.03.004","article-title":"Chromatin Modifier HUSH Co-Operates with RNA Decay Factor NEXT to Restrict Transposable Element Expression","volume":"82","author":"Garland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.04.014","article-title":"Co-Transcriptional Genome Surveillance by HUSH Is Coupled to Termination Machinery","volume":"83","author":"Spencley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.06.020","article-title":"Competition between Two HUSH Complexes Orchestrates the Immune Response to Retroelement Invasion","volume":"84","author":"Danac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53761-w","article-title":"Interplay between Two Paralogous Human Silencing Hub (HuSH) Complexes in Regulating LINE-1 Element Silencing","volume":"15","author":"Jensvold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-74147-0","article-title":"Epigenetic Lockdown of Type I Interferon Sensing and Signalling in Human Pluripotent Cells","volume":"17","author":"Holt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2025.100979","article-title":"LINE-1 Retrotransposons Mediate Cis-Acting Transcriptional Control in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Regulate Early Brain Development","volume":"5","author":"Adami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1549","article-title":"MPP8 Mediates the Interactions between DNA Methyltransferase Dnmt3a and H3K9 Methyltransferase GLP\/G9a","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0784-9","article-title":"L1 Drives IFN in Senescent Cells and Promotes Age-Associated Inflammation","volume":"566","author":"Ito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-024-00176-9","article-title":"The Transcription Factor PAX5 Activates Human LINE1 Retrotransposons to Induce Cellular Senescence","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13035-2","article-title":"Transposable Element Expression in Tumors Is Associated with Immune Infiltration and Increased Antigenicity","volume":"10","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2009.08.006","article-title":"Loss of Epigenetic Silencing in Tumors Preferentially Affects Primate-Specific Retroelements","volume":"448","author":"Szpakowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000484104","article-title":"Long Interspersed Element-1 Methylation Level as a Prognostic Biomarker in Gastrointestinal Cancers","volume":"97","author":"Baba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.240895.114","article-title":"PiRNA Pathway Targets Active LINE1 Elements to Establish the Repressive H3K9me3 Mark in Germ Cells","volume":"28","author":"Pezic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EMBR202154458","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202154458","article-title":"Sequestration of LINE-1 in Cytosolic Aggregates by MOV10 Restricts Retrotransposition","volume":"23","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35757-6","article-title":"The Interferon Stimulated Gene-Encoded Protein HELZ2 Inhibits Human LINE-1 Retrotransposition and LINE-1 RNA-Mediated Type I Interferon Induction","volume":"14","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0374-z","article-title":"BRCA1 and S Phase DNA Repair Pathways Restrict LINE-1 Retrotransposition in Human Cells","volume":"27","author":"Mita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-025-00386-5","article-title":"Identification of Novel Regulators of LINE-1 Expression via CRISPR\/Cas9 Screening","volume":"17","author":"Oksuz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01789-5","article-title":"LINE-1 Transcription Activates Long-Range Gene Expression","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0013","article-title":"JAKs, STATs and Signal Transduction in Response to the Interferons and Other Cytokines","volume":"351","author":"Briscoe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhao, Y., Du, J., Gao, P., and Zhao, K. (2021). The Interplay Among HIV, LINE-1, and the Interferon Signaling System. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.732775"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2023-0134","article-title":"LINE-1: An Emerging Initiator of CGAS-STING Signalling and Inflammation That Is Dysregulated in Disease","volume":"102","author":"Mathavarajah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00430-1","article-title":"Cellular Origins of DsRNA, Their Recognition and Consequences","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041356","article-title":"Double-Stranded RNA Sensors and Modulators in Innate Immunity","volume":"37","author":"Hur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000488","article-title":"Self RNA Sensing by RIG-I\u2013like Receptors in Viral Infection and Sterile Inflammation","volume":"205","author":"Stok","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like Receptors: Their Regulation and Roles in RNA Sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1087","article-title":"The RNA Helicase RIG-I Has an Essential Function in Double-Stranded RNA-Induced Innate Antiviral Responses","volume":"5","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.056","article-title":"DNA-Demethylating Agents Target Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inducing Viral Mimicry by Endogenous Transcripts","volume":"162","author":"Roulois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.011","article-title":"Inhibiting DNA Methylation Causes an Interferon Response in Cancer via DsRNA Including Endogenous Retroviruses","volume":"162","author":"Chiappinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201744017","article-title":"CGAS Is Activated by DNA in a Length-dependent Manner","volume":"18","author":"Luecke","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaa2630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa2630","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Innate Immune Adaptor Proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF Induces IRF3 Activation","volume":"347","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.013","article-title":"Structures and Mechanisms in the CGAS-STING Innate Immunity Pathway","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201488726","article-title":"Cytosolic RNA:DNA Hybrids Activate the CGAS \u2013STING Axis","volume":"33","author":"Mankan","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01177-3","article-title":"Inverted Alu Repeats: Friends or Foes in the Human Transcriptome","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900023","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201900023","article-title":"Evidence of Aberrant Immune Response by Endogenous Double-Stranded RNAs: Attack from Within","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.016","article-title":"Breaching Self-Tolerance to Alu Duplex RNA Underlies MDA5-Mediated Inflammation","volume":"172","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aune, T.M., Tossberg, J.T., Heinrich, R.M., Porter, K.P., and Crooke, P.S. (2022). Alu RNA Structural Features Modulate Immune Cell Activation and A-to-I Editing of Alu RNAs Is Diminished in Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.818023"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.242644.114","article-title":"PKR Is Activated by Cellular DsRNAs during Mitosis and Acts as a Mitotic Regulator","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2025.2512610","article-title":"Deciphering the Multifaceted Role of Double-Stranded RNA Sensor Protein Kinase R: Pathophysiological Function beyond the Antiviral Response","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"235","article-title":"Novel Insights into Double-Stranded RNA-Mediated Immunopathology","volume":"24","author":"Maelfait","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2414","article-title":"Mutations in ADAR1 Cause Aicardi-Gouti\u00e8res Syndrome Associated with a Type I Interferon Signature","volume":"44","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2933","article-title":"Gain-of-Function Mutations in IFIH1 Cause a Spectrum of Human Disease Phenotypes Associated with Upregulated Type I Interferon Signaling","volume":"46","author":"Rice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27062-5","article-title":"MDA5 Disease Variant M854K Prevents ATP-Dependent Structural Discrimination of Viral and Cellular RNA","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.07.009","article-title":"Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease Using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06373-1","article-title":"CGAS\u2013STING Drives Ageing-Related Inflammation and Neurodegeneration","volume":"620","author":"Gulen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witteveldt, J., Liu, Z., Ariza-Cosano, A., Ramirez, C., Walters, J.L., Marchante, P.G., Maas, L., Ivens, A., Tebaldi, T., and Heras, S.R. (2025). Double Stranded RNA Sensing Drives Interferon Silencing in Early Development. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.10.642424"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-024-00143-z","article-title":"LINE-1 RNA Triggers Matrix Formation in Bone Cells via a PKR-Mediated Inflammatory Response","volume":"43","author":"Mangiavacchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43001-y","article-title":"Nuclear CGAS Restricts L1 Retrotransposition by Promoting TRIM41-Mediated ORF2p Ubiquitination and Degradation","volume":"14","author":"Zhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-022-00268-0","article-title":"RNA Sensor MDA5 Suppresses LINE-1 Retrotransposition by Regulating the Promoter Activity of LINE-1 5\u2032-UTR","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw834","article-title":"ADAR1 Restricts LINE-1 Retrotransposition","volume":"45","author":"Orecchini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.032","article-title":"Trex1 Prevents Cell-Intrinsic Initiation of Autoimmunity","volume":"134","author":"Stetson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkae190","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkag190","article-title":"Control of Retrotransposon-Driven Activation of the Interferon Response by the Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein DGCR8","volume":"54","author":"Chin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Y., Gao, H., Leu, N.A., Vourekas, A., Alexiou, P., Maragkakis, M., Kang, Z., Mourelatos, Z., Liang, G., and Wang, P.J. (2023). The MOV10 RNA Helicase Is a Dosage-Dependent Host Restriction Factor for LINE1 Retrotransposition in Mice. PLoS Genet., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010566"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Mao, Y., Yi, D., Li, Q., Ding, J., Guo, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., and Zhao, J. (2025). Maximal Inhibitory Effect of MOV10 on LINE-1 Retrotransposition Requires Both the MOV10\/LINE-1 Association and Granule Formation. PLoS Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011709"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1308","article-title":"RNase L Restricts the Mobility of Engineered Retrotransposons in Cultured Human Cells","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1317","article-title":"LINE-1 ORF1p Mimics Viral Innate Immune Evasion Mechanisms in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3291","article-title":"DNA Tumor Virus Oncogenes Antagonize the CGAS-STING DNA-Sensing Pathway","volume":"350","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.10.015","article-title":"Cancer Cells Restrict Immunogenicity of Retrotransposon Expression via Distinct Mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01261-z","article-title":"Emerging Role of RNA Sensors in Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2844-1","article-title":"Epigenetic Therapy Induces Transcription of Inverted SINEs and ADAR1 Dependency","volume":"588","author":"Mehdipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00740-7","article-title":"Widespread and Tissue-Specific Expression of Endogenous Retroelements in Human Somatic Tissues","volume":"12","author":"Larouche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP91037","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.91037","article-title":"Transposable Elements Regulate Thymus Development and Function","volume":"12","author":"Larouche","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31750-1","article-title":"Transcriptomic Diversity in Human Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells","volume":"13","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0203-y","article-title":"Metabolic Coordination of T Cell Quiescence and Activation","volume":"20","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00989-7","article-title":"LINE1 Are Spliced in Non-Canonical Transcript Variants to Regulate T Cell Quiescence and Exhaustion","volume":"54","author":"Marasca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado2134","article-title":"LINE1 Modulate Human T Cell Function by Regulating Protein Synthesis during the Life Span","volume":"10","author":"Burattin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells, A.C., Lima-Junior, D.S., Link, V.M., Smelkinson, M., Krishnamurthy, S.R., Chi, L., Segrist, E., Rivera, C.A., Teijeiro, A., and Bouladoux, N. (2024). Adaptive Immunity to Retroelements Promotes Barrier Integrity. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.09.606346"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6371","article-title":"LINE-1 Hypomethylation Characterizes the Inflammatory Response in Coeliac Disease Associated-Intestinal Mucosa and Small Bowel Adenocarcinomas","volume":"265","author":"Libera","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205730","article-title":"Unusual Expression of LINE-1 Transposable Element in the MRL Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome-Prone Strain","volume":"21","author":"Benihoud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01349-3","article-title":"Pan-Cancer Analysis Identifies Tumor-Specific Antigens Derived from Transposable Elements","volume":"55","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj3671","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj3671","article-title":"Identification of Shared Tumor Epitopes from Endogenous Retroviruses Inducing High-Avidity Cytotoxic T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02240-8","article-title":"Aberrant Splicing Isoforms Detected by Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing as Transcripts of Potential Neoantigens in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Oka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKerrow, W., Snyder, M., Chu, C., Kelly, D., Keilhack, H., and Diao, L. (2025). LINE-1 ORF1p Is a Shared and Immunogenic Antigen in Cancer. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.11.659092"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B., Park, J., Voshall, A., Maury, E., Kang, Y., Kim, Y.J., Lee, J.-Y., Shim, H.-R., Kim, H.-J., and Lee, J.-W. (2023). Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals Multifaceted Roles of Retrotransposon-Fusion RNAs. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.16.562422"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2020.113769","article-title":"Differential Expressions of L1-Chimeric Transcripts in Normal and Matched-Cancer Tissues","volume":"600","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, H., Xia, L., and Xie, D. (2025). Long-Read RNA Sequencing Enables Full-Length Chimeric Transcript Annotation of Transposable Elements in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13888-5"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, E.M., Byun, H.M., Han, H.F., Sharma, S., Nichols, P.W., Siegmund, K.D., Yang, A.S., Jones, P.A., and Liang, G. (2010). Hypomethylation of a LINE-1 Promoter Activates an Alternate Transcript of the MET Oncogene in Bladders with Cancer. PLoS Genet., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000917"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31831","article-title":"The Expression of LINE1-MET Chimeric Transcript Identifies a Subgroup of Aggressive Breast Cancers","volume":"143","author":"Miglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabm6360","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abm6360","article-title":"Epigenetically Controlled Tumor Antigens Derived from Splice Junctions between Exons and Transposable Elements","volume":"8","author":"Burbage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1300729","article-title":"Decoupling of DNA Methylation and Activity of Intergenic LINE-1 Promoters in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Parr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14968-9","article-title":"Integrated Proteogenomic Deep Sequencing and Analytics Accurately Identify Non-Canonical Peptides in Tumor Immunopeptidomes","volume":"11","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.35","article-title":"Transposable Elements in Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.351051.123","article-title":"LINE-1 Retrotransposition and Its Deregulation in Cancers: Implications for Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"37","author":"Burns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Dev."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:09:05Z","timestamp":1786698545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/8\/895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v18080895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18080895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}