{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:23:27Z","timestamp":1787203407799,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Talent Development Fund","award":["XJRC-2025-KJ-PY-KJLJ-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJRC-2025-KJ-PY-KJLJ-032"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Talent Development Fund","award":["XJRC-2025-KJ-KJQY-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJRC-2025-KJ-KJQY-002"]}]},{"name":"the earmarked fund for XJARS","award":["XJARS-11-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJARS-11-14"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016079","name":"Science and Technology Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023A02007-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A02007-2-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016079","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023A02007-2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A02007-2-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vtvez67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a key pathogen causing calf diarrhea and bovine respiratory diseases, bringing sustained economic losses to the cattle industry. As an RNA virus, BCoV possesses high mutation and recombination capacities, leading to prominent genomic genetic diversity. The genome contains hypervariable and conserved regions, with the S (especially S1), HE and Open Reading Frame (ORF4) genes serving as major variation hotspots linked to viral antigenicity, tissue tropism shift and immune evasion. Host immune pressure drives strong positive selection on S protein antigenic variation. This review discusses existing research limitations and proposes future directions including genomic surveillance, reverse genetics verification and broad-spectrum vaccine development to support BCoV prevention and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18080909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:11Z","timestamp":1787069531000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Review: Bovine Coronavirus Evolution, Molecular Epidemiology, and Genetic Variation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural 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Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Regional Key Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Research, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic Technology Engineering Research Center, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous 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