{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:10:39Z","timestamp":1788876639004,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Society of Neonatology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and hospitalization in early infancy. Following the introduction of universal nirsevimab prophylaxis in Italy during the 2024\u20132025 RSV season, we evaluated its real-world effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalization and severe clinical outcomes within a test-negative design framework. We conducted a multicenter retrospective test-negative study across 88 Italian neonatal centers, including infants hospitalized for LRTI from 1 September 2024 to 30 April 2025. Clinical data were collected from hospital records using a standardized electronic questionnaire. RSV-positive hospitalized infants were considered cases, and RSV-negative hospitalized infants served as controls. Secondary outcomes included respiratory support and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission. Effectiveness was estimated using multivariable logistic regression and targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Overall, 737 infants were included, of whom 306 (41.52%) had previously received nirsevimab. RSV infection was identified in 398 infants (54.00%), including 104\/306 (33.99%) nirsevimab-immunized and 294\/431 (68.21%) non-immunized infants (p &lt; 0.001). Immunized infants also required respiratory support less frequently (55.23% vs. 70.07%; p &lt; 0.001), with lower use of high-flow oxygen therapy (40.85% vs. 48.96%; p = 0.036) and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) (18.95% vs. 33.87%; p &lt; 0.001). Within the test-negative design framework, adjusted effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalization was estimated at 78.3%. Among hospitalized infants, previous nirsevimab immunization was additionally associated with adjusted relative reductions in the odds of respiratory support and NICU admission of 80.2% and 64.3%, respectively. In conclusion, among infants hospitalized for LRTI in routine Italian clinical practice, previous nirsevimab immunization was associated with lower odds of RSV positivity and a reduced need for respiratory support. Although these findings provide further evidence of the real-world effectiveness of nirsevimab against severe RSV disease, further studies are needed to provide direct estimates of hospitalization incidence in immunized and non-immunized source populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18090982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:30:02Z","timestamp":1788798602000},"page":"982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-World Effectiveness of Nirsevimab Against RSV-LRTI and Bronchiolitis Hospitalization: Results from the 2024\u20132025 Italian Universal Immunization Campaign in Newborns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9820-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Auriti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, General and Specialist Pediatrics, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences (Unicamillus), 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3305-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Gizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit S., Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ricc\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bell\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care and Neonatal Units, Lecco Hospital of Lecco ASST, 23900 Lecco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9576-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Giuffr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Pediatrics, G. D\u2019Alessandro Department, Palermo University, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2886-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Fabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Giovanni Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8128-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Cacace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit and NICU, \u201cBarone Romeo\u201d Hospital of ASP Messina, 98123 Messina, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Germini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit, Perugia University Hospital, 06156 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0249-692X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care and Neonatal Units, Evangelico Betania Hospital, 80100 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Paviotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0075-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Peila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Turin University, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serafina","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Pietro Barilla Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Pesce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Carlo Hospital, 85100 Potenza, 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Staffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Division of Neonatology, Hospital of Bolzano, Teaching Hospital of Paracelsus Medical University, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Agosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care and Neonatal Units, Hospital of Varese\u2014University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Italian Working Group on RSV Prophylaxis of Italian Society of Neonatology","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-16","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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