{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:11:38Z","timestamp":1789017098388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry for Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry for Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CUP J33C22002870005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J33C22002870005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a human ssDNA virus with ample pathogenic potential, characterized by a selective tropism for erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) in the bone marrow. In vitro, in addition to EPCs, UT7\/EpoS1 cells are widely used as a model cell system, permissive to viral replication, although in a restrictive pattern. In our work, we applied mRNA high-throughput sequencing technology (HTS) and a dedicated bioinformatic pipeline to investigate both viral and cellular expression profiles in the course of B19V infection of UT7\/EpoS1 cells. Mapping of the viral transcriptome detailed the differential expression pattern across early and late time points in the course of infection, at 2, 16 and 48 h post-infection (hpi). Analysis of the cellular transcriptome indicated that downregulation of genes involved in the immune\/cytokine\/interleukin response was prominent from earlier time points throughout the time course of infection. Upregulation of genes involved in cell stress response was found at 2 hpi, and genes involved in cell cycle regulation were affected mainly at 16 hpi and 48 hpi. A comparative analysis was performed with EPCs, showing similarity in their viral expression profile but substantial divergence in the virus-induced dysregulation of the cellular transcription pattern. This dual-transcriptome analysis of infected UT7\/EpoS1 cells and comparison with EPCs provides groundwork for future research aimed at providing a better definition of the pathogenic mechanisms of B19V.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18090988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:51:48Z","timestamp":1788871908000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parvovirus B19 and Cellular Transcriptome Dynamics in UT7\/EpoS1 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3876-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Guglietta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bichicchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0403-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Gasperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Manaresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Gallinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04632-4","article-title":"Reorganizing the family Parvoviridae: A revised taxonomy independent of the canonical approach based on host association","volume":"165","author":"Penzes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-16","article-title":"Human Parvoviruses","volume":"30","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rezaei, N. (2022). Parvoviridae. Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippone, C., Franssila, R., Kumar, A., Saikko, L., Kovanen, P.E., Soderlund-Venermo, M., and Hedman, K. (2010). Erythroid progenitor cells expanded from peripheral blood without mobilization or preselection: Molecular characteristics and functional competence. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009496"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bua, G., Manaresi, E., Bonvicini, F., and Gallinella, G. (2016). Parvovirus B19 Replication and Expression in Differentiating Erythroid Progenitor Cells. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148547"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"341","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a human leukemic cell line with megakaryocytic features: Dependency on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3, or erythropoietin for growth and survival","volume":"51","author":"Komatsu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.1.18.18","article-title":"First continuous propagation of B19 parvovirus in a cell line","volume":"79","author":"Shimomura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7555","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.16.7555-7563.2001","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 induces cell cycle arrest at G2 phase with accumulation of mitotic cyclins","volume":"75","author":"Morita","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.2915-2921.2003","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 nonstructural protein (NS1) induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase","volume":"77","author":"Morita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.12.008","article-title":"Development of an improved method of detection of infectious parvovirus B19","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducloux, C., You, B., Langele, A., Goupille, O., Payen, E., Chretien, S., and Kadri, Z. (2020). Enhanced Cell-Based Detection of Parvovirus B19V Infectious Units According to Cell Cycle Status. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121467"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasano, E., Guglietta, N., Bichicchi, F., Gasperini, I., Manaresi, E., and Gallinella, G. (2025). Parvovirus B19 and Cellular Transcriptome Dynamics in Differentiating Erythroid Progenitor Cells. Viruses, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010039"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mietzsch, M., Penzes, J.J., and Agbandje-McKenna, M. (2019). Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040362"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leisi, R., Di Tommaso, C., Kempf, C., and Ros, C. (2016). The Receptor-Binding Domain in the VP1u Region of Parvovirus B19. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8030061"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.05.006","article-title":"A Parvovirus B19 synthetic genome: Sequence features and functional competence","volume":"508","author":"Manaresi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.12.014","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 genome as a single, two-state replicative and transcriptional unit","volume":"347","author":"Bonvicini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.002","article-title":"Functional analysis and quantitative determination of the expression profile of human parvovirus B19","volume":"381","author":"Bonvicini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.07.013","article-title":"A flow-FISH assay for the quantitative analysis of parvovirus B19 infected cells","volume":"223","author":"Manaresi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4","article-title":"Graph-based genome alignment and genotyping with HISAT2 and HISAT-genotype","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","article-title":"Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools","volume":"10","author":"Danecek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.191","article-title":"SeqKit2: A Swiss army knife for sequence and alignment processing","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D966","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1078","article-title":"GENCODE 2025: Reference gene annotation for human and mouse","volume":"53","author":"Mudge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7563.1","article-title":"Differential analyses for RNA-seq: Transcript-level estimates improve gene-level inferences","volume":"4","author":"Soneson","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkaf018","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf018","article-title":"edgeR v4: Powerful differential analysis of sequencing data with expanded functionality and improved support for small counts and larger datasets","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks042","article-title":"Differential expression analysis of multifactor RNA-Seq experiments with respect to biological variation","volume":"40","author":"McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku310","article-title":"Robustly detecting differential expression in RNA sequencing data using observation weights","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.43","article-title":"Complex heatmap visualization","volume":"1","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks461","article-title":"Camera: A competitive gene set test accounting for inter-gene correlation","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004","article-title":"The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection","volume":"1","author":"Liberzon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING database in 2023: Protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1223","article-title":"The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026","volume":"54","author":"Ragueneau","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8211117","article-title":"Erythrocyte P antigen: Cellular receptor for B19 parvovirus","volume":"262","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404283301704","article-title":"Resistance to parvovirus B19 infection due to lack of virus receptor (erythrocyte P antigen)","volume":"330","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieri, J., and Ros, C. (2019). Globoside Is Dispensable for Parvovirus B19 Entry but Essential at a Postentry Step for Productive Infection. J. Virol., 93.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00972-19"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieri, J., Leisi, R., Bircher, C., and Ros, C. (2021). Human parvovirus B19 interacts with globoside under acidic conditions as an essential step in endocytic trafficking. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.02.433539"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarlin, S., Ning, K., Zhang, X., Aksu Kuz, C., Zou, W., Cheng, F., Kleiboeker, S., Mietzsch, M., and Qiu, J. (2026). Identification of human transferrin receptor as an entry co-receptor for parvovirus B19 infection of human erythroid progenitor cells. mBio, e0148226.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.02.715920"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-74283-7","article-title":"Transferrin receptor 1 binds human parvovirus B19 VP1u to facilitate entry","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2024.104167","article-title":"Cell fate decision in erythropoiesis: Insights from multiomics studies","volume":"131","author":"Tur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/9\/988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:40:01Z","timestamp":1789015201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/9\/988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v18090988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18090988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}