{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:11:26Z","timestamp":1789125086918,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme through the FoodSafeR project","award":["101060698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101060698"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n de la Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BU220P24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BU220P24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BU220P24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BU220P24"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s8dab97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.910938\/2023-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.910938\/2023-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The expansion of e-commerce and last-mile food delivery has created an increasingly relevant but understudied context for food safety surveillance. However, the occurrence of enteric viruses in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods within this distribution context remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the presence of enteric viruses in multi-component RTE salad bowls obtained through last-mile delivery. The study was designed to characterize the virological status of products received through this distribution pathway, without attributing any detected contamination specifically to the delivery process itself. A total of 30 salad samples were collected in two independent batches over a two-month interval via a third-party e-commerce platform and delivered directly to the laboratory. Virus concentration was performed using a method based on ISO 15216-1:2017, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection of norovirus (NoV) genogroups I (GI) and II (GII), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), human astrovirus (HAstV), and rotavirus (RV). HEV-target RT-qPCR signals were observed in 5 of 30 samples (16.7%); however, all positive signals corresponded to levels below the estimated limit of quantification (LOQ). No RT-qPCR amplification was observed for the other targeted viruses. This study provides initial occurrence data for enteric viruses in multi-component RTE meals obtained through last-mile delivery and supports the inclusion of this food category and emerging distribution pathways in foodborne virus surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18091000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Multi-Component Salad Bowls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Alves","family":"Elois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88035-972, Brazil"},{"name":"Microbiology Area, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5731-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Yeramian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Perez-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rafael Dorighello","family":"Cadamuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88035-972, Brazil"},{"name":"Microbiology Area, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Valero-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Competitiva de Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9017-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Ca\u00f1ete-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Borges da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88035-972, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gislaine","family":"Fongaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88035-972, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8795-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Area, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/16258312.2023.2173488","article-title":"Innovative Solutions in Last Mile Delivery: Concepts, Practices, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"24","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Supply Chain Forum Int. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-01-2021-0024","article-title":"Last-Mile Challenges in on-Demand Food Delivery during COVID-19: Understanding the Riders\u2019 Perspective Using a Grounded Theory Approach","volume":"33","author":"Puram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2021.101063","article-title":"Crowdshipping in Last Mile Deliveries: Operational Challenges and Research Opportunities","volume":"78","author":"Pourrahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"SocioEcon. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-09-2016-0164","article-title":"What Do We Know about Consumer M-Shopping Behaviour?","volume":"45","author":"Marriott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Retail Distrib. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"265","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 Behaviour on the Catering Services\u2019 Market on the Example of Diet Delivery","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ekon. Probl. Tur."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"45","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Minimally Processed, Ready-to-Eat, Vegetables in Loja, Ecuador","volume":"41","author":"Hualpa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Polit\u00e9cnica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09503-y","article-title":"Detection of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus in Different Food Categories: A 6-Year Survey in Italy","volume":"14","author":"Pavoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.008","article-title":"Occurrence of Hepatitis A and E and Norovirus GI and GII in Ready-to-Eat Vegetables in Italy","volume":"249","author":"Terio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"11447","article-title":"A Study on the Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Salad Vegetables and Seafood and Associated Health Risks for Consumers in Mauritius","volume":"12","author":"Neetoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116963","article-title":"Detection and Genotyping of Enteric Foodborne Viruses in Ready-to-Eat Leafy Vegetables and Berries from C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina","volume":"219","author":"Prez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2025). EFSA The European Union One Health 2024 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 23, e9759."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-020-09456-8","article-title":"Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa","volume":"13","author":"Upfold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130728","article-title":"The Occurrence and Control of Waterborne Viruses in Drinking Water Treatment: A Review","volume":"281","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7062620","article-title":"Inadequately Treated Wastewater as a Source of Human Enteric Viruses in the Environment","volume":"7","author":"Okoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001791","article-title":"Foodborne Viral Outbreaks Associated with Frozen Produce","volume":"147","author":"Nasheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2014.01.004","article-title":"Infections from Eating Raw or Undercooked Seafood","volume":"36","author":"Weissfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (2021). Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programmecodex Alimentarius Commission, FAO\/WHO."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01427.x","article-title":"Foodborne Viruses and Fresh Produce","volume":"91","author":"Seymour","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"19572","article-title":"Update: A Food-Borne Outbreak of Hepatitis a in the Netherlands Related to Semi-Dried Tomatoes in Oil, January\u2013February 2010","volume":"15","author":"Petrignani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and European Food Safety Authority (2013). Joint ECDC-EFSA Assessment\u2014OUTBREAK of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Four Nordic Countries, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2014). Tracing of Food Items in Connection to the Multinational Hepatitis A Virus Outbreak in Europe. EFSA J., 12.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3821"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3208.251406","article-title":"Outbreak of Hepatitis A Linked to Frozen Blueberries, the Netherlands, 2024\u20132025","volume":"32","author":"Friesema","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100877","article-title":"Enteric Viruses in Ready-to-Eat Packaged Leafy Greens","volume":"16","author":"Mattison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.044","article-title":"Tracking Enteric Viruses in Green Vegetables from Central Argentina: Potential Association with Viral Contamination of Irrigation Waters","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"Prez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terio, V., Lorusso, P., Mottola, A., Buonavoglia, C., Tantillo, G., Bonerba, E., and Di Pinto, A. (2020). Norovirus Detection in Ready-To-Eat Salads by Propidium Monoazide Real Time RT-PCR Assay. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155176"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.11.041","article-title":"Virological Fit-for-Purpose Risk Assessment in a Leafy Green Production Enterprise","volume":"51","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"OED (2026, April 17). Poke, n.7. Oxford English Dictionary. Available online: https:\/\/www.oed.com\/dictionary\/poke_n7?tl=true."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2017). ISO 15216-1:2017\u2014Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for Determination of Hepatitis A Virus and Norovirus Using Real-Time RT-PCR\u2014Part 1: Method for Quantification (Standard No. ISO 15216). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/65681.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-025-09650-6","article-title":"Insights Into Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Dynamics of Enteric Viruses in a Middle-Size City\u2014Burgos, Spain\u2014Using a Long-Term Wastewater Surveillance","volume":"17","author":"Yeramian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9063-8","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Amplification-Based Methods for Detection of Enteric Viruses: Definition of Controls and Interpretation of Results","volume":"3","author":"Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.07.004","article-title":"A Broadly Reactive One-Step Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"131","author":"Jothikumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.09.025","article-title":"Broadly Reactive TaqMan\u00ae Assay for Real-Time RT-PCR Detection of Rotavirus in Clinical and Environmental Samples","volume":"155","author":"Jothikumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1021\/es9018964","article-title":"Detection of Oxidative Damages on Viral Capsid Protein for Evaluating Struc-tural Integrity and Infectivity of Human Norovirus","volume":"44","author":"Sano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09507-8","article-title":"Detection and Sequencing of Multiple Human Norovirus Genotypes from Imported Frozen Raspberries Linked to Outbreaks in the Province of Quebec, Canada, in 2017","volume":"14","author":"Raymond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovi\u0107, T., and D\u2019Agostino, M. (2016). Viral Contamination of Food. Antimicrobial Food Packaging, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800723-5.00005-X"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krog, J.S., Larsen, L.E., and Breum, S.\u00d8. (2019). Tracing Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs from Birth to Slaughter. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00050"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x","article-title":"Virus Hazards from Food, Water and Other Contaminated Environments","volume":"36","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-012-9087-8","article-title":"Harmonised Investigation of the Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in the Leafy Green Vegetable Supply Chain in Three European Countries","volume":"4","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.12.003","article-title":"Prevalence of Norovirus in Produce Sold at Retail in the United Kingdom","volume":"79","author":"Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01918-10","article-title":"Inactivation of a Human Norovirus Surrogate by High-Pressure Processing: Effectiveness, Mechanism, and Potential Application in the Fresh Produce Industry","volume":"77","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00402-12","article-title":"Temperature-Dependent Survival of Hepatitis A Virus during Storage of Contaminated Onions","volume":"78","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04093-14","article-title":"Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Survival of Foodborne Viruses during Food Storage","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111342","article-title":"Unraveling Hepatitis E Virus Susceptibility to Heat Treatment, PH Reduction and Drying in Pork Meat","volume":"441","author":"Locus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission Codex Alimentarius Commission (2012). Guidelines on the Application of General Principles of Food Hygiene to the Control of Viruses in Food, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. CXG 79-2012."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e04886","article-title":"Public Health Risks Associated with Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) as a Food-Borne Pathogen","volume":"15","author":"Ricci","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109840","article-title":"Norovirus GI and GII and Hepatitis A Virus in Berries and Pomegranate Arils in Canada","volume":"379","author":"Steele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-025-09668-w","article-title":"Correlation Between Infectivity and QRT-PCR Values for Murine Norovirus Recovered from Frozen Berries","volume":"17","author":"Plante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09461-5","article-title":"The Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus to Humans","volume":"13","author":"Treagus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-021-00189-z","article-title":"Infection Dynamics and Persistence of Hepatitis E Virus on Pig Farms\u2014A Review","volume":"7","author":"Meester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locus, T., Lambrecht, E., Lamoral, S., Willems, S., Van Gucht, S., Vanwolleghem, T., and Peeters, M. (2023). A Multifaceted Approach for Evaluating Hepatitis E Virus Infectivity In Vitro: Cell Culture and Innovative Molecular Methods for Integrity Assessment. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10120676"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randazzo, W., Vasquez-Garc\u00eda, A., Aznar, R., and S\u00e1nchez, G. (2018). Viability RT-QPCR to Distinguish Between HEV and HAV with Intact and Altered Capsids. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01973"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.12.011","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Human Enteric Viruses in Food, Water Samples, and Surface Swabs in Sicily","volume":"80","author":"Purpari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/9\/1000\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:56:33Z","timestamp":1789124193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/18\/9\/1000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v18091000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18091000","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}