{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:02:31Z","timestamp":1789448551207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019278","name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University Research System","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023\/1896\/BAU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/1896\/BAU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023\/1896\/BAU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/1896\/BAU"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030qs1z29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015747","name":"University Grant Commission of Bangladesh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Agri-Life 34, 2020-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agri-Life 34, 2020-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Agri-Life 34, 2020-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agri-Life 34, 2020-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jtt0w10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats that causes major economic losses and livelihood disruption across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Goats are often more severely affected than sheep, particularly in endemic smallholder systems, where high turnover, nutritional stress, and limited veterinary infrastructure sustain viral transmission. Despite effective live attenuated vaccines and the ongoing FAO\u2013WOAH Global Eradication Programme, PPR remains widely distributed, indicating that vaccination alone is insufficient without understanding of host, viral, and environmental determinants of disease persistence. This review synthesizes current knowledge on three interrelated pillars of PPR prevention and control in goats: epidemiology, immunology, and host genetics. We summarize the epidemiological drivers of PPR transmission and how these factors shape disease burden in endemic settings. We review the immunobiology of PPR virus (PPRV) infection and vaccination, focusing on innate antiviral sensing, adaptive immune protection, virus-induced immunosuppression, and field determinants of vaccine performance. Finally, we examine the emerging evidence for host genetic resilience to PPR, with emphasis on immunogenomic and transcriptomic findings and the relevance of indigenous breeds such as the Black Bengal goat as genomic resources. Current evidence suggests that genetic resilience to PPR is likely polygenic and remains insufficiently characterized, though genomic and transcriptomic tools offer opportunities to identify markers of reduced susceptibility, milder disease, or improved vaccine response. Sustainable control of PPR in goats will require integrated strategies combining mass vaccination, surveillance, improved husbandry, and host-focused immunogenomic research to strengthen herd resilience and accelerate progress toward global eradication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18091007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Epidemiology, Immunology, and Host Genetics for Controlling Peste des Petits Ruminants in Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Aminul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenomics and Alternative Medicine (IAM) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saifur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Shafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmin Aqter","family":"Rony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0468-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asep","family":"Gunawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari Om","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Production and Management, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Taohidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9660-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. K. M. Anisur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Abu Hadi Noor Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4586-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruki","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Jasim","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch Campus, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch Campus, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Production and Health, Food Future Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch Campus, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.025841-0","article-title":"Global Distribution of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and Prospects for Improved Diagnosis and Control","volume":"91","author":"Banyard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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