{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:16:40Z","timestamp":1792790200694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21AI128520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI128520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R21AI128520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI128520"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["P20GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103648"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children, and a pediatric vaccine is not available. Among various approaches, live vaccines are attractive as they induce broad multi-antigenic responses and have never been associated with vaccine-enhanced disease in RSV-na\u00efve children. We previously reported a live prefusion F (preF) expressing single-cycle RSV vaccine, which was deficient in cell\u2013cell transmission and yet induced protective responses in mice. To improve efficacy, we focused the anti-attachment protein (G) response on the relatively conserved G central region (GCR). Anti-GCR antibodies were shown to cross-protect against different RSV strains, and the GCR contains a receptor-binding domain. Focusing on the GCR was done by replacing the G open reading frame with that of a hybrid protein displaying the GCR, while also retaining stabilized preF expression. The resulting virus, RSV-preF-GCR, was readily produced in complementing cells, expressed preF and GCR at the infected cell surface, and maintained its single-cycle phenotype. In mice, intranasal prime-boost vaccination induced serum anti-preF and moderate levels of anti-G antibodies, which were specific for the GCR. RSV-preF-GCR also significantly reduced lung pathology after challenge with wild-type RSV. However, relative to a vaccine expressing full-length G, in vitro neutralization by RSV-preF-GCR-induced antibodies was poor, and lung IgA responses were unexpectedly low. Thus, RSV-preF-GCR is promising in uniquely combining single-cycle replication and induction of both anti-preF and anti-GCR immunity but likely requires efficacy improvements to enhance anti-G antibody levels and induce mucosal immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18091013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Live Single-Cycle RSV Vaccine with Immune Responses Focused on Prefusion F and the Central Conserved Region of Attachment Protein G"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1548-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeeviya","family":"Murugesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Patil","family":"Basavaraju Nanjegowdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6448-7039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pramila","family":"Lamichhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megolhubino","family":"Terh\u00fcja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Neovaxsyn, Inc., Ames, IA 50014, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2405-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"McElliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3683-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonius G. P.","family":"Oomens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00003-X","article-title":"Respiratory Viral Infections in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Persons","volume":"102","author":"Couch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1086\/314567","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia among the Elderly: An Assessment of Disease Burden","volume":"179","author":"Han","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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