{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:06:44Z","timestamp":1789391204547,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f8xge10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), sheep and goat pox (SGP), and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) are diseases of small ruminants and are the major constraints to livestock trading in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Vaccination against these diseases individually is challenging to veterinary authorities due to high cost and logistics. In this study, we evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent vaccine (JOVAC-Combo\u00ae) in goats in Somalia that induced seroconversion against all three pathogens, PPR, SGP, and CCPP. A total of 120 apparently healthy, seronegative young goats (4\u20139 months old) from three different villages in Somalia were enrolled (90 vaccinated with JOVAC-Combo\u00ae and 30 controls) and monitored for evidence of adverse effects and serological response for 90 days post-vaccination. JOVAC-Combo\u00ae was found to be safe and immunogenic, with no detectable side effects. JOVAC-Combo\u00ae induced humoral immunity by 14 days post-vaccination; at 30 days post-vaccination, antibody levels were high for all three pathogens, and they remained high until the end of the study (day 90). Whether immunity persists beyond the study period, and whether it translates into protection against clinical disease, remains to be established. These findings present a positive indication for the use of a cost-effective multivalent vaccine for supporting the national and regional efforts to control and reduce impacts of PPR, SGP, and CCPP infections in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v18091014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Sheep and Goat Pox (SGP) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Multivalent Vaccine (JOVAC-Combo\u00ae) Under Field Conditions in Somalia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Almajali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"},{"name":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazar","family":"Shawash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan Bio-Industries Center (JOVAC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Salaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan Bio-Industries Center (JOVAC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8253-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satya","family":"Parida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GALVmed, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.12.007","article-title":"Field-derived estimates of costs for Peste des Petits Ruminants vaccination in Ethiopia","volume":"163","author":"Lyons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. 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